1. Where did our waves come from?
L Braile, 9/12/09, AS-1 Seismograph Workshop, San Antonio
Exploring Planet Earth

2. Where did our waves come from?
1. Where is source?
a. Seismicity map
b. Epicenter to station distance
c. Hypocenter information (latitude, longitude, depth,
origin time), magnitude, damage/impact
d. Accessing earthquake data:

3. Where did our waves come from?
2. How did the waves get to our seismograph?
a. Earth structure
b. Wave propagation through the Earth
c. Seismic wave phases
d. Seismic Waves software

4. 1. Where is source?
IRIS Seismic Monitor

5. IRIS Earthquake Browser

6. IRIS Seismographs in Schools Interactive Earthquake Map

7. Displaying earthquake epicenters using Google Earth
(USGS earthquake search)

8. USGS Earthquake Site

9. USGS M5+ Recent Earthquake List

10. USGS Earthquake Search

11. IRIS Event Search

12. Earth Structure and Properties
2. How did the waves get to our seismograph?
Earth Structure and Properties

13. Seismic Wave Propagation (slinky, human wave demo, seismic wave animations, seismograms, seismic waves software)  

14. Refraction of light by water

15. Refraction
Refraction
PKP

17. Exploring Planet Earth

18. Epicenter Plotting – year long activity – map practice that engages students in global earthquake activity

19. Seismograms recorded by your seismograph from locations around the world

20. Using the Seismic Eruption Software…
Seismic-Eruption software (Free!, Windows) Introduction and Navigation California Earthquakes So. California Earthquakes Frequency-Magnitude Analysis - California Northridge Earthquake (map, cross section) Aftershocks (Denali, Landers)
The Seismic Eruption software:
Exploring Planet Earth

21. The Seismic Waves program
From Alan Jones, SUNY, Binghamton

22. The Seismic Waves program: Uses speeded-up time views of wavefronts to illustrate wave propagation through the Earth. Note reflection, refraction and wave conversion at layer boundaries. Seismograms show arrivals of various phases (wave types and paths). Wave energy/propagation represented by wavefronts. Raypaths show direction of travel of a specific point on the wavefront.
Earthquake *
Cross Section
Through Earth
Wavefront
Ray Path
Stations for
Seismograms
Seismograph
Ray Path is perpendicular
to wavefront

23. Practice/Demonstation: The Seismic Waves Program
Earthquake *
Cross Section
Through Earth
Wavefront
Ray Path
Stations for
Seismograms
Seismograph
Ray Path is perpendicular
to wavefront

24. You can add views to the Seismic Waves Program for “your” seismogram and other AS-1 (or other) stations. Example: M6.0 February 21, 2008 Wells, Nevada earthquake. For this event, we have five AS-1 seismograms recorded by IRIS Seismograph in Schools stations!
Earthquake *
Cross Section
Through Earth
Wavefront
Ray Path
Stations for
Seismograms
Seismograph
Ray Path is perpendicular
to wavefront

25. Procedure:
1. In AmaSeis, navigate to the selected event. Navigation can be performed with the Go To Date-Time… tool in the Settings menu, or with the Forward/Backward control (see below) opened by clicking on the green arrows on the toolbar, or by scrolling. (You can also download other seismograms in sac format for Seismic Waves from the IRIS DMC using Bud/Wilber - )
Green
Arrows
Forward/Backward toolbar

26. 2. Extract the seismogram and save as a sac file (Sac is standard file format that is used by AmaSeis). Use the standard SIS naming convention (yymodahrmnNAME.sac).

27. 3. Open the Event… dialog box under the Settings menu. A
3. Open the Event… dialog box under the Settings menu. A. Enter the event name (use the same event name for all seismograms that will be included in the Seismic Waves view). B. Enter the earthquake magnitude and, C. the earthquake origin time and location. A. B. C.

28. 4. Click OK in the Event Dialog box and the seismogram will display additional information (earthquake location and magnitude and epicenter to station distance in degrees).

29. 5. Open the Event Dialog box again and click on Create files for Seismic Waves to add the seismogram to a folder in the SW (Seismic Waves) folder. You can add several seismograms from different stations for the same earthquake. For our Wells, Nevada example, the folder is labeled (see below for path), the date and hour of the event. Five seismograms have been added to this folder.

30. 6. When you finish adding data to the seismogram folder for your event (for example, the folder for the Wells, Nevada earthquake data), an event file will have been created in the SW folder ( evt in our example, below). Double click on the folder to open in Notepad. The evt file will have only one STATION FILE listed. Add the additional STATION FILES lines to the list (as below) and save.

31. 7. You can also change the TIME ACCELERATION and TIME WINDOW settings (or others) in the evt file if desired (see settings below chosen for the Wells, Nevada earthquake seismograms). Save the evt file.

32. 8. You are now ready to open Seismic Waves and run the program for your event with the added seismograms. The results for the Wells, Nevada earthquake seismograms are shown on the next two slides.
The seismograms for our example are listed below. Click on the links to download the sac files and place in your AmaSeis folder (create a folder called SacFiles for your individual seismograms). You can open the seismograms in AmaSeis and then export to Seismic Waves using the Create files for Seismic Waves selection in the Event Dialog box and you will be ready to view in Seismic Waves.

33. The Seismic Waves program showing events that can be viewed, including the Wells, Nevada earthquake

34. The Seismic Waves program showing the Wells, Nevada earthquake seismograms from the AS-1 stations. The view includes Earth surface, Earth cross section and seismograms.

35. M4+ earthquakes, 1980-2009 (Sept. 15); about 35,000 events.
M6.0, February 21, 2008 Wells, Nevada earthquake shown by large red star. S-P circles (from S-P times from seismograms analyzed using AmaSeis for stations PCAZ, UPOR, WLIN and NLNC – red triangles).
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70 50 50 40 40 30 30
M4+ earthquakes, (Sept. 15); about 35,000 events. 20 20
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70

36. Input information (left) for Wells, Nevada earthquake and location and S-P inferred distances (radius in km) for seismograph stations PCAZ, NLNC, UPOR, and WLIN.
Legend (depth of focus scale and magnitude and data source table) for the seismicity map on previous slide.
Map produced with IRIS event search tool: