Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Programmation par aspects. XML parsing dans Tomcat.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Programmation par aspects. XML parsing dans Tomcat."— Presentation transcript:

1 Programmation par aspects

2 XML parsing dans Tomcat

3 Construction du journal dans Tomcat Le rouge montre les lignes de code qui traitent du logging Très mal modularisé

4 Le code traite de plusieurs aspects class Fraction { int numerator; int denominator;... public Fraction multiply(Fraction that) { traceEnter("multiply", new Object[] {that}); Fraction result = new Fraction( this.numerator * that.numerator, this.denominator * that.denominator); result = result.reduceToLowestTerms(); traceExit("multiply", result); return result; }... }

5

6 Préoccupations Préoccupations métier : Effectuer des paiements : débiter un montant d'un compte défini Préoccupations techniques : Traces Intégrité de la transaction Identification / authentification Sécurité (confidentialité) Performance etc.

7 Dispersion / entrelacement des préoccupations Chaque objet métier gère ses propres contraintes techniques (à son niveau) : les préoccupations sont dispersées / entrelacées Les applications sont plus difficiles à : Concevoir / coder Comprendre Maintenir Faire évoluer...

8 Symptômes Lembrouillement du code – Les objets métiers interagissent simultanément avec de nombreuses préoccupations techniques – Présence simultanée déléments de chaque préoccupation dans le code Létalement du code – Les préoccupations entrelacées, sétalent sur de nombreux modules. – Leur implémentation sétale elle aussi sur de nombreux objets

9 Conséquences Redundant code – Same fragment of code in many places Difficult to reason about – Non-explicit structure – The big picture of the tangling isnt clear Difficult to change – Have to find all the code involved... –...and be sure to change it consistently –...and be sure not to break it by accident Inefficient when crosscuting code is not needed

10 Solutions actuelles mix-in classes – Une classe qui fournit des fonctionnalités à être héritées par une autre classe, mais qui na pas de raisons dêtre en soi. – Inheriting from a mixin is not a form of specialization but is rather a means to collect functionality. design patterns – Exemple Visitor et Template Method permettent de différer limplémentation domain-specific solutions – frameworks and application servers, let developers address some crosscutting concerns in a modularized way. The Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) architecture, for example, addresses crosscutting concerns such as security, administration, performance, and container-managed persistence.

11 Introduction What is a crosscutting concern? – Behavior that cuts across the typical divisions of responsibility, such as logging or debugging – A problem which a program tries to solve. – Aspects of a program that do not relate to the core concerns directly, but which proper program execution nevertheless requires.

12 Language Dynamic VS Static crosscutting Dynamic crosscutting – define additional behavior to run at certain well-defined points in the execution of the program Static crosscutting – modify the static structure of a program adding new methods, implementing new interfaces, modifying the class hierarchy, etc.

13 Programmation par aspects Implémenter des préoccupations de façon indépendante Combiner ces implémentation pour former le système final LAOP est lévolution logique de la programmation orientée objet

14 Etapes de développement de lAOP Identifier le préoccupations métier (classes) et techniques (aspects) Implémenter chaque préoccupation séparément Tisser les différentes préoccupations

15 Deux approches de lAOP AspectJJAC Extension du langage JavaFramework AOP, serveur dapplications Nouvelle grammaire pour exprimer les aspects Aspects écrits en pur Java Travaille sur le code source. Chaque modification nécessite une recompilation Travaille sur le bytecode, permet de modifier, dajouter ou de retirer des aspects dynamiquement Ne gère pas la distributionDistribue automatiquement les aspects sur des serveurs distants Permet uniquement le développement daspects Permet le développement et la configuration des aspects Support IDE pour JBuilder, Forte, et EmacsIDE UML gérant les aspects Pas daspects pré-développés configurablesEnsemble daspects pré-développés configurables Version courante 1.0.5Version courante 0.9.1 Open Source Mozilla Public LicenseLGPL

16 Aspect J

17

18

19 The Figure Element example

20 Example I A pointcut named move that chooses various method calls: – pointcut move(): call(void FigureElement.setXY(int,int)) || call(void Point.setX(int)) || call(void Point.setY(int)) || call(void Line.setP1(Point)) || call(void Line.setP2(Point)); Advice (code) that runs before the move pointcut: – before(): move() { System.out.println("About to move"); } Advice that runs after the move pointcut: – after(): move() { System.out.println("Just successfully moved"); }

21

22 Language Join Points Well-defined points in the execution of a program: – Method call, Method execution – Constructor call, Constructor execution – Static initializer execution – Object pre-initialization, Object initialization – Field reference, Field set – Handler execution – Advice execution

23 Language Join Points public class Point { private int x; private int y; public Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } public void incrXY(int dx, int dy){ x=+dx; y=+dy; } … } public class Test{ public static void main(String[] args) { Point pt1 = new Point(0,0); pt1.incrXY(3,6); } Method-execution Test.main(..) Staticinitialization Point._clinit_ Constructor-call Point(..) Preinitialization Point(..) Initialization Point(..) Constructor-execution Point(..) Field-set Point.x Field-set Point.y Method-call Point.incrXY(..) Method-execution Point.incrXY(..) Field-set Point.y Field-set Point.x

24

25 Join points A join point is a well-defined point in the program flow – We want to execute some code (advice) each time a join point is reached – We do not want to clutter up the code with explicit indicators saying This is a join point – AspectJ provides a syntax for indicating these join points from outside the actual code A join point is a point in the program flow where something happens – Examples: When a method is called When an exception is thrown When a variable is accessed

26

27

28 Example pointcut designators I When a particular method body executes: – execution(void Point.setX(int)) When a method is called: – call(void Point.setX(int)) When an exception handler executes: – handler(ArrayOutOfBoundsException) When the object currently executing (i.e. this ) is of type SomeType: – this(SomeType)

29 Example pointcut designators II When the target object is of type SomeType – target(SomeType) When the executing code belongs to class MyClass – within(MyClass) When the join point is in the control flow of a call to a Test's no-argument main method – cflow(call(void Test.main()))

30

31 Pointcut designator wildcards It is possible to use wildcards to declare pointcuts: – execution(* *(..)) Chooses the execution of any method regardless of return or parameter types – call(* set(..)) Chooses the call to any method named set regardless of return or parameter type In case of overloading there may be more than one such set method; this pointcut picks out calls to all of them

32 Pointcut designators based on types You can select elements based on types. For example, – execution(int *()) Chooses the execution of any method with no parameters that returns an int – call(* setY(long)) Chooses the call to any setY method that takes a long as an argument, regardless of return type or declaring type – call(* Point.setY(int)) Chooses the call to any of Point s setY methods that take an int as an argument, regardless of return type – call(*.new(int, int)) Chooses the call to any classes constructor, so long as it takes exactly two int s as arguments

33 Pointcut designator composition Pointcuts compose through the operations or ( || ), and ( && ) and not ( ! ) Examples: – target(Point) && call(int *()) Chooses any call to an int method with no arguments on an instance of Point, regardless of its name – call(* *(..)) && (within(Line) || within(Point)) Chooses any call to any method where the call is made from the code in Point s or Line s type declaration – within(*) && execution(*.new(int)) Chooses the execution of any constructor taking exactly one int argument, regardless of where the call is made from – !this(Point) && call(int *(..)) Chooses any method call to an int method when the executing object is any type except Point

34 Pointcut designators based on modifiers call(public * *(..)) – Chooses any call to a public method execution(!static * *(..)) – Chooses any execution of a non-static method execution(public !static * *(..)) – Chooses any execution of a public, non-static method Pointcut designators can be based on interfaces as well as on classes

35 Kinds of advice AspectJ has several kinds of advice; here are some of them: – Before advice runs as a join point is reached, before the program proceeds with the join point – After advice on a particular join point runs after the program proceeds with that join point after returning advice is executed after a method returns normally after throwing advice is executed after a method returns by throwing an exception after advice is executed after a method returns, regardless of whether it returns normally or by throwing an exception – Around advice on a join point runs as the join point is reached, and has explicit control over whether the program proceeds with the join point

36 Example II, with parameters You can access the context of the join point: pointcut setXY(FigureElement fe, int x, int y): call(void FigureElement.setXY(int, int)) && target(fe) && args(x, y); after(FigureElement fe, int x, int y) returning: setXY(fe, x, y) { System.out.println(fe + " moved to (" + x + ", " + y + ")."); }

37 Introduction An introduction is a member of an aspect, but it defines or modifies a member of another type (class). With introduction we can – add methods to an existing class – add fields to an existing class – extend an existing class with another – implement an interface in an existing class – convert checked exceptions into unchecked exceptions

38 Example introduction aspect CloneablePoint { declare parents: Point implements Cloneable; declare soft: CloneNotSupportedException: execution(Object clone()); Object Point.clone() { return super.clone(); } }

39 Approximate syntax An aspect is: aspect nameOfAspect { body } – An aspect contains introductions, pointcuts, and advice A pointcut designator is: when ( signature ) – The signature includes the return type – The when is call, handler, execution, etc. A named pointcut designator is: name ( parameters ): pointcutDesignator Advice is: adviceType ( parameters ): pointcutDesignator { body } Introductions are basically like normal Java code

40

41

42 Example aspect I aspect PointWatching { private Vector Point.watchers = new Vector(); public static void addWatcher(Point p, Screen s) { p.Watchers.add(s); } public static void removeWatcher(Point p, Screen s) { p.Watchers.remove(s); } static void updateWatcher(Point p, Screen s) { s.display(p); } // continued on next slide

43 Example aspect II // continued from previous slide pointcut changes(Point p): target(p) && call(void Point.set*(int)); after(Point p): changes(p) { Iterator iter = p.Watchers.iterator(); while ( iter.hasNext() ) { updateWatcher(p, (Screen)iter.next()); } } }

44 Références The AspectJTM Programming Guide – http://www.eclipse.org/aspectj/doc/released/progguide/index.html http://www.eclipse.org/aspectj/doc/released/progguide/index.html I want my AOP! – http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2002/jw-0118-aspect.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2002/jw-0118-aspect.html Aspect-Oriented Programming with AspectJ – http://dolphin.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kazu0/aspectj/doc/tutorial/aspectj-tutorial.pdf www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/courses/819/slides/aspectj.ppt www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/courses/819/slides/aspectj.ppt http://www.eclipse.org/ajdt/demos/HelloWorldAspect J.html

45 Language Pointcuts A set of join point, plus, optionally, some of the values in the execution context of those join points. Can be composed using boolean operators ||, && Matched at runtime

46 Language Advice Method-like mechanism used to declare that certain code should execute at each of the join points in the pointcut. Advice: – before – around – after after after returning after throwing

47 Language Advice Method-like mechanism used to declare that certain code should execute at each of the join points in the pointcut. Advice: – before – around – after after after returning after throwing

48 Language Pointcut parameters and thisJoinPoint thisJoinPoint Simple reflective access to information about the current join point. Notice that this is very useful for debugging and tracing purposes. before(): call(void Point.setX(int)){ if(((Integer)thisJoinPoint.getArgs()[0]).intValue()>10) System.out.println("The value is too big !"); else System.out.println("x value of +thisJoinPoint.getTarget() +" will be set to +thisJoinPoint.getArgs()[0]); }

49 Language Wildcards and cflow Wildcards – call( * Point. *(..)) – call( public * com.xerox.scanner.*.*(..)) – call( * Point.get*())

50 Language Wildcards and cflow Control-flow – pointcut moveContext(): cflow(move()) picks out each join point that occurs in the dynamic context of the join points picked out by move().

51 Language Wildcards and cflow Control-flow below pointcut moves(FigureElement fe): target(fe)&& …); pointcut topLevelMoves(FigureElement fe): target(fe)&& moves(FigureElement)&& !cflowbelow(moves(FigureElement)); before(FigureElement fe): target(fe)&& topLevelMoves(FigureElement) { System.out.println("top level moves"); }

52 Language Inheritance and Overriding of Advice and pointcuts Abstract aspect & Abstract pointcuts abstract aspect SimpleTracing{ abstract pointcut tracePoints(); before(): tracePoints() { printMessage(Entering,thisJoinPoint); } after(): tracePoints(){ printMessage(Exiting,thisJoinPoint); } void printMessage(Stringwhen,JoinPoint jpt){ code to print an informative message using information from the joinpoint } }

53 Language Inheritance and Overriding of Advice and pointcuts Concrete implementation of the aspect: aspect IncrXYTracing extends SimpleTracing{ pointcut tracePoints(): call(void FigureElement.incrXY(int, int)); }

54 Conséquences Poor traceability: Simultaneously implementing several concerns obscures the correspondence between a concern and its implementation, resulting in a poor mapping between the two. Lower productivity: Simultaneous implementation of multiple concerns shifts the developer's focus from the main concern to the peripheral concerns, leading to lower productivity. Less code reuse: Since, under these circumstances, a module implements multiple concerns, other systems requiring similar functionality may not be able to readily use the module, further lowering productivity. Poor code quality: Code tangling produces code with hidden problems. Moreover, by targeting too many concerns at once, one or more of those concerns will not receive enough attention. More difficult evolution: A limited view and constrained resources often produce a design that addresses only current concerns. Addressing future requirements often requires reworking the implementation. Since the implementation is not modularized, that means touching many modules. Modifying each subsystem for such changes can lead to inconsistencies. It also requires considerable testing effort to ensure that such implementation changes have not caused bugs.


Download ppt "Programmation par aspects. XML parsing dans Tomcat."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google