2. The Crusades Preview Starting Points Map: Europe,1095
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Launching the Crusades
Fighting the Crusades
Map: The Crusades
Effects of the Crusades
Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Crusades

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4. The Crusades Main Idea Reading Focus
The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved.
Reading Focus
Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades?
What happened during the Crusades?
What were the effects of the Crusades?

5. Launching the Crusades
European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades, in Middle Ages
Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims
Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again
Vital to Christians to control city
Goal of Crusades
Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s
Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region
Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071
Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help
Muslims Control Holy Land

6. The Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France
Described dangers faced by Byzantines
Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks
Effective call to arms
Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade
Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”

7. What events led to the call for a Crusade?
Sequence
What events led to the call for a Crusade?
Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land, threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called on pope for assistance

8. Fighting the Crusades First Crusade Knights
Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.
Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights
Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call
Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land
On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews despite protests
Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at Jerusalem
First Crusade
Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey
Traveled three years
Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city
Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests
Knights

9. Second Crusade Third Crusade
Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade
Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144
European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
Third Crusade
New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan
Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem

10. Third Crusade Three Kings Mutual Respect Fierce Fighting
Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home
Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
Mutual Respect
Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences
Fierce Fighting
Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land
Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

11. Fourth and Later Crusades
Fourth Crusade, 1201
Jerusalem still in Muslim hands
Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to Holy Land
In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara
Zara
Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by Christian king of Hungary
Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all
Constantinople
Crusaders pushed on
Attacked Christian city of Constantinople
Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor
More Failures
Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth Crusade failure
Five other Crusades followed, none successful

15. What was the goal of the Crusades?
Find the Main Idea
What was the goal of the Crusades?
Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the Muslims who controlled it

16. Effects of the Crusades
Economic Changes
Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades
Crusades enhanced existing trade
Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages
Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles
Lands left vulnerable
Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands
Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe
Political Changes
Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant
Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews
Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders
Relations strained for centuries
Social Changes

18. Why did people’s attitudes change after the Crusades?
Draw Conclusions
Why did people’s attitudes change after the Crusades?
Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies