1. Volume 358, Issue 2, Pages 220-231 (March 2015)
Autophagy inhibition improves the efficacy of curcumin/temozolomide combination therapy in glioblastomas 
Alfeu Zanotto-Filho, Elizandra Braganhol, Karina Klafke, Fabrício Figueiró, Sílvia Resende Terra, Francis Jackson Paludo, Maurílio Morrone, Ivi Juliana Bristot, Ana Maria Battastini, Cassiano Mateus Forcelini, Alexander James Roy Bishop, Daniel Pens Gelain, José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira 
Cancer Letters 
Volume 358, Issue 2, Pages (March 2015)
DOI: /j.canlet
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Curcumin and TMZ induce additive cytotoxicity in glioblastomas. (A) MTT viability experiments showing the effect of TMZ alone (top graph), and curcumin and TMZ/curcumin combinations in U251MG, U87MG and C6 cells, as well as primary astrocytes. (B) Representative graphs showing the cell counts versus PI uptake in C6 and U251MG treated with TMZ plus/or 15 µM curcumin. (C) Representative phase contrast and PI uptake microphotographs in TMZ/curcumin-treated cells for 48 h (10× magnification, bar: 100 µm). If not specified, C6 cells were treated with 200 µM TMZ; 400 µM TMZ was used in U87MG, U251MG and astrocytes. (D) Long-term survival and representative colony staining in C6 cells. (E) Comet assays in TMZ/curcumin treated U251MG cells and quantification of DNA damage index. (F) Representative immunoblots showing H2AX and ATM phosphorylation in U251MG cells. If not specified, 72 h treatments were performed. * Different from control (vehicle-treated) or for indicated comparisons; #different from curcumin and TMZ alone at equivalent drug concentrations (n = 3 in triplicate, p < 0.05, ANOVA).
Cancer Letters  , DOI: ( /j.canlet )
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3. Fig. 2
Curcumin and TMZ effects on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioblastomas. (A) Cell cycle analysis of C6 and U251MG cells treated with curcumin and TMZ for different times. (B) Representative immunoblots of cell cycle regulatory proteins after 72 h curcumin and TMZ incubation. (C) Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry assays showing the time-course of TMZ- and curcumin-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells, and (D) representative Annexin-V/PI dot-plots showing the additive effect of TMZ and curcumin (+/− Z-VAD-fmk, 50 µM) on apoptosis of glioblastoma cell lines. Upper-right (UR) and lower-right (LR) quadrants quantification is also shown. (E) Caspases-3/7 activity in TMZ/curcumin treated cells as expressed as % of controls. If not specified, C6 and U251MG cells were treated with 200 and 400 µM TMZ, respectively, in the presence of 15 µM curcumin. * Different from control; #different from curcumin and TMZ alone, considering equivalent drug concentrations (n = 3 in triplicate, p < 0.05, ANOVA).
Cancer Letters  , DOI: ( /j.canlet )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Autophagy as a major response of glioblastoma cells to TMZ and curcumin. (A) Time-course quantification of autophagy and (B) representative dot-plot graphs of acridine orange (AO) flow cytometry assay in TMZ/curcumin treated C6 and U251MG cells. AO+: acridine orange positive cells (red fluorescence) are quantified. (C) Immunofluorescence detection of LC3-positive vacuoles in U251MG cells (Bar: 20 µm). (D) Representative immunoblots showing the effect of TMZ and curcumin on the immunocontent of autophagy and ER stress protein markers in U251MG. When not specified, C6 and U251MG/U87MG cells were treated for 72 h with 200 and 400 µM TMZ, respectively, in the presence of 15 µM curcumin. (E) IHC analysis of LC3 and Ki67 in tumor specimens from glioblastoma patients treated with TMZ (Bar: 20 µm). * Different from control; #different from curcumin and TMZ alone considering equivalent drug concentrations (n = 3 in triplicate, p < 0.05, ANOVA). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Cancer Letters  , DOI: ( /j.canlet )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Autophagy inhibition sensitizes TMZ and curcumin treated cells to apoptosis. (A) Dot-plot flow cytometry graphs showing the 3-MA and ATG7 siRNA effect on autophagy in U251MG cells (AO staining). (B) MTT, (C) LDH leakage, (D) Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry and (E) caspase-3/7 activity assays showing the impact of autophagy inhibitors on viability and apoptosis of U251MG cells. (F) Representative cell cycle distribution graphs and quantification in C6 and U251MG cells. (G) Representative immunoblots of cell cycle and apoptotic markers in U251MG cells treated in the presence or absence of 3-MA. If not specified, C6 and U251MG cells were treated for 72 h with 200 and 400 µM TMZ, respectively, in the presence of 15 µM curcumin. AO+: acridine orange positive cells (red fluorescence). (H) Effect of CQ treatment on C6 tumor growth in TMZ and TMZ/curcumin-treated rats. Details are provided in Materials and Methods section. Legends: 3-MA (4 mM), CQ (15 µM chloroquine, in vitro); ATG7si (ATG7 siRNA). Data are expressed as average ± SD. * Asterisks denote signification for indicated comparisons (n = 3, p < 0.05, ANOVA). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Cancer Letters  , DOI: ( /j.canlet )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
ERK1/2 activation as a redundant mechanism of curcumin and TMZ-induced autophagy. (A) Effect of MAPKs, PI3K, JAK/STAT3 and IKK/NFκB inhibitors on viability (MTT), autophagy (AO flow cytometry analysis) and apoptosis (Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry) in U251MG cells after 72 h treatment. (B) Representative immunoblots showing the effect of TMZ, curcumin and TMZ/curcumin combination on MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2), Akt, p65-NFκB and STAT3 phosphorylation in U251MG cells. (C) ELISA assays showing NFκB and STAT3 DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts of TMZ and/or curcumin-treated U251MG (24 h treatment). (D) Effect of various inhibitors on autophagy and apoptosis of U251MG cells after 72 h and (E) representative graphs of AO flow cytometry in the presence of UO126 and LY AO+: acridine orange positive cells (red fluorescence). (F) Representative immunoblots showing the effect of UO126 and LY on cell cycle and apoptotic proteins, and caspase-3/7 activity in TMZ/curcumin-treated U251MG cells (72 h). (G) Long-term survival of TMZ/curcumin-treated U251MG cells in the presence of various pathway inhibitors (MTT assay). (H) Cell cycle analysis showing the effect of UO126 and LY on TMZ/curcumin-induced G2/M arrest. Legend: UO126 (UO), SP600129, SB and LY (LY) were incubated at 20 µM, BAY and Stattic were used at 5 and 1 µM, respectively. * Different from control cells and for indicated comparisons; #different from TMZ/curcumin combination (n = 3 in triplicate, p < 0.05, ANOVA).
Cancer Letters  , DOI: ( /j.canlet )
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7. Fig. 6
Resveratrol improves TMZ/curcumin efficacy via inhibition of ERK1/2-dependent autophagy. (A) MTT and (B) long-term clonogenic assays showing the sensitizing effect of RSV in U251MG cells. (C) Dose–effect of RSV on autophagy and apoptosis in U251MG cells as assessed by AO and Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry assays, respectively. (D) Representative dot-plots of AO flow cytometry, (E) quantification of TMZ/curcumin induced autophagy and apoptosis, and (F) cell cycle distribution in U251MG cells treated with or without 15 µM RSV. AO+: denotes acridine orange positive cells (red fluorescence). (G) Immunoblots showing the RSV effect on phosphorylation of cdc2, Wee, ERK1/2 and Akt, caspase-3 cleavage, and LC3 content in U251MG. Otherwise specified, cells were treated with 400 µM TMZ and 15 µM curcumin, and 72 h treatments were carried out. (H) Brain-implanted C6 tumors size and (I) IHC analysis of C6 tumors showing the levels of p-ERK1/2, LC3 and ATG7 in the presence or absence of RSV (bar: 20 µm). Western blots for ERK1/2 forms, ATG7 and LC3 immunocontents in tumor lysates are also shown. *Different from control; asterisks also denote signification for indicated comparisons; #different from control, TMZ and TMZ/curcumin at equivalent doses; a Denotes the effect of RSV in inhibiting TMZ/curcumin-induced autophagy. (n = 3 in triplicate, p < 0.05, ANOVA). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Cancer Letters  , DOI: ( /j.canlet )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions