1. 8.E.1.1
Essential standards: Explain the structure of the hydrosphere (hydro = water) sphere (round 3 dimensional object) including:
- water distribution on Earth
- local river basins and water availability

2. Essential Questions 8.E.1.1
How do factors interact to determine the distribution of water in hydrosphere?
How does the water cycle affect water distribution on Earth?
How do river basins affect water availability?

3. Properties of Water

4. Water is Polar!
A water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Notice that one side of the molecule has a positive charge and the other side has a negative charge. The molecule has poles!

5. Polarity
Because water molecules are polar, they are attracted to each other like tiny magnets. This gives water special properties.
            

6. COHESION The attraction between 2 of the same substances.
Example: When one water droplet meets another water droplet, they attract to form a larger water droplet.

7. COHESION

8. Can You Do This?

9. ADHESION The attraction between 2 different substances.
Example: A rain droplet attracted to a window pane. Water from the shower attracted to the wall or shower door.

10. ADHESION

11. Cohesion & Adhesion

12. SURFACE TENSION

13. SURFACE TENSION
The “tightness” across the surface of water that is caused by polar molecules pulling on each other.
Causes water droplets to bead up on certain materials.

14. Examples of Surface Tension

15. CAPILLARY ACTION
 The movement of water within the spaces of a porous (has holes) material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension.
Dip a paper towel into a glass of water and the water will "climb" onto the paper towel. In fact, it will keep going up the towel until the pull of gravity is too much for it to overcome.

16. Capillary work in action

17. SPECIFIC HEAT Water has a high specific heat index—
it absorbs a lot of heat before it begins to get hot. This is why water is valuable to industries and in your car's radiator as a coolant.
The high specific heat index of water also helps regulate the rate at which air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.

18. Specific Heat
The high specific heat capacity of water has a great deal to do with regulating extremes in the environment.
For instance, our fish in the pond is indeed happy because the heat capacity of the water in his pond means the temperature of the water will stay relatively the same from day to night.
He doesn't have to worry about either turning on his air conditioner or putting on his woolen flipper gloves.