1. INSTITUTE OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCES
Krakow, Reymonta St. 25
tel: (+48 12) , ,
fax: (+48 12)
www: htp://
Photovoltaic Laboratory
Kozy, Krakowska St. 22
tel/fax.: (+48 33)

2. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
Thirty years experience in R&D of silicon solar cells
First Si solar cell in Poland (1977)
The unique laboratory in Poland which makes solar cells
The main reaserch topics:
Texturization of mc-Si
Diffusion
Passivation of the Si surfaces
Passivation and gettering of mc-Si
Antireflection Coatings
Porous slicon layer
SiNx:H (PECVD) (in cooperation with others laboratories)
TiOx (spray, CVD)
Metallization by Screen Printing
Characterization of solar cells

3. PROJECTS
„Elaboration of high efficiency monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cell”, in the frame of the project „Development of Photovoltaics to Produce Electricity in Poland” - PBZ KBN 05/T11/98 ( )
„Graded layers for high efficiency silicon solar cell application” in the frame of „Designing and producing functionally graded materials”- PBZ/T08/2003 ( ).
Statutory works of IMSA PAS: „Defect engineering in polycrystalline silicon for the silicon solar cells” ( ).
„Passivation of multycrystalline silicon and fabrication silicon nanoparticles by using SiNx:H layers”, N N ( )
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Point Back Contacts Formed by Laser Method ( )
Research in the frame scientific network: PV-TECH – „Development of new technologies and research techniques in the field of silicon solar cells”,

4. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
  Two Infrared belt furnaces (RTC type LA-310)
The industrial furnace for diffusion and heat treatment processes
  The semiautomatic screen-printer
  The four-point resistive probe
  The measuring system for I-V solar cells characteristics
 The measuring system for Spectral Response
WCT-120 Wafer Lifetime Testing Instrument and Suns-Voc Stage from Sinton Consulting, Inc.

5. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science in Cracow
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science in Cracow
Instron mechanical testing machines: (Instron 6025, 3382)
  XRD Philips diffractometers: (Philips PW 1840 Bruker D8 Discover)
  TEM Philips CM20 (200kW) with EDAX system
HRTEM TECNAI G2 FEG20 (200kV) with EDAX system
  SEM Philips XL30 with LINK ISIS EDX system and ESEM Philips with EBSD system for imaging orientation microscopy
  Spectrometer Jobin Yvon Glow Discharge JY RF
  Full equipment for sample preparation including galium ion cutting (focus ion beam-FIB), jet electropolishing unit, GATAN ion beam thinner

6. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
Infrared Furnace System
LA-310 RTC
for diffusion
Infrared Furnace System
LA-310 RTC
for metallization

7. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
POCl3 diffusion
and thermal passivation
Furnace System
Semiautomatic screen-printer
de Haart

8. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
I-V solar cells
characteristics system
Four-point
resistivity probe

9. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
WCT-120 Wafer Lifetime Testing Instrument and Suns-Voc Stage from Sinton Consulting, Inc.

10. Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
Multicrystalline silicon solar cell 100 cm2 with SiNx antireflection coating

11. Texturization of mono- and multicrystalline Si wafers
SEM micrograph of mono-Si wafer textured with a KOH solution.
SEM micrograph of multi-Si wafer textured with acid solution.

12. Electrical Parameters Electrical parameters of solar cells 100 cm2
Isc
(A)
Voc
(mV) FF
(%)
Eff
mono-Si
TiOx-ARC
3.20
600
76.0
16.0
multi-Si
SiNx-ARC
3.00
75.0
14.0

13. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R
M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach, Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002)
V.Y Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-effective methods of texturing for silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002)
M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach, Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002)  
M. Lipiński, P. Panek, H. Czternastek, The Influence of Surface Modification on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Molecular Physics Reports 36 (2002)
P. Panek, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, K. Drabczyk, E. Bielańska, The Infrared Processing in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Low Cost Technology,Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003)
P. Panek, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, K. Drabczyk, E. Bielańska, The Infrared Processing in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Low Cost Technology, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003)
K. Drabczyk, P. Panek, M. Lipiński, The Influence of Porous Silicon on Junction Formation in Silicon Solar Cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003)
M. Lipiński, S. Bastide, P. Panek, C. Levy-Clement, Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating by Electrochemical and Chemical Etching for Silicon Solar Cell manufacturing,Phys. Stat. Sol. (A) 197 (2003)
M. Lipiński, P.Panek, E. Bełtowska, H. Czternastek, Reduction of Surface reflectivity by Using Double porous Silicon Layers, Materials Science & Engineering B101, (2003)
P. Panek, M. Lipiński, E. Bełtowska-Lehman, K. Drabczyk, and R. Ciach, Industrial technology of multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-electronics Review, 11(2003)
M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Optimisation of monocrystalline silicon solar cell, Industrial technology of multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-electronics Review, 11(2003)
M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, S. Jonas, M. Sokołowski, H. Czternastek, Optimisation of SiNx: H layer for multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-Electronics Review 12(1), (2004) 41-
P. Panek, Effect of macroporous silicon layer on opto-electrical parametres of multicrystalline silicon solar cell, OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW, 12(1) (2004)

14. P. Panek, M. Lipiński and J. Dutkiewicz, Texturization of Multicrystalline Silicon By Wet Chemical Etching For Silicon Solar Cells, Journal of Materials Science, Journal of Materials Science 40 (2005)
M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, A. Kamiński, Crystalline silicon solar cells in Foundation of Materials Design, 2006: ISBN: , Editors: K.J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major and P. Zięba, Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrium-695 023, Kerala, India
M. Lipiński, T. Piotrowski, P. Panek, J. Cichoszewski, Investigation of influence of gettering and passivation on lifetime distribution in mc-Si, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden Germany (2006)
M. Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M. Lemiti, E. Foumond, J. Dupis, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded SiOxNy antireflection coatings, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden Germany (2006)
M. Lipiński, S. Kluska, H. Czternastek, P. Zięba, Graded SiOxNy layers antireflection coating or solar cells application, Materials Science 24, No.4, (2006)
M. Lipiński, P. Panek, S. Kluska, P. Zięba, A. Szyszka, B. Paszkiewicz, Defect passivation of multicrytsalline silicon solar cells by silicon nitride coatings, Materials Science, 24, no.4, (2006)
M. Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M.Lemiti, E. Foumond, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded index SiOxNy antireflection coating for silicon solar cell manufacturing, phys. stat. sol.4, No.4 (2007)
J-F. Lelievre, H. Rodriguez, E.Fourmond, S.Quizola, M. Lipiński, D. Araujo, G. Bremond, M. Lemiti, Electro optical characterization for the control of silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiNx:H films, phys. stat. sol. 4, No.4, (2007)
M.Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M.Lemiti, E. Foumond, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded index SiOxNy antireflection coating for silicon solar cell manufacturing, phys.stat.sol. © 4, No,4, (2007)
W.Jung, T.Piotrowski, S.Sikorski, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, P. Zięba, Study of bulk photovoltaic effect and photovoltaic barrier effect distribution in multicrystalline silicon, phys.stat.sol. ©4, No.8, (2007),
M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, A. Kamiński, Crystalline silicon solar cells in Foundation of Materials Design, 2006: ISBN: , Editors: K.J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major and P. Zięba, Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrium-695 023, Kerala, India.

15. M. Lipiński, R. Mroczyński, Optimisation of multilayers antireflectuion coating for solar cells, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 53 (2008)
M. Lipiński, Macroporous texturing of multicrystalline silicon for solar cells, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 53 (2008)