1. How Ecosystems Change:
Ecological Succession is the normal, gradual changes that occur in the types of species that live in an area.
Primary succession begins in a place without soil
It starts with pioneer species such as lichens, that can grow on rock.
New soil forms as weather and erosion break down rock .
Decaying plants add organic material to the soil.

2. B. Secondary succession begins in a place that has solid and once had living things Example: after a fire or removal of buildings 2. Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession. C. Climax community is a stable stage of ecological diversity.

3. 1. The gradual change from one community of organisms to another is ecological succession. 2. Succession that takes place in a forest that has been destroyed by fire is an example of secondary succession The first organisms to move into a disturbed environment are the pioneer species. 4. A community that tends to remain the same and is in the final stage of succession is a climax community.

4. 5. Ecological succession that takes place in a location that does not have soil is primary succession. 6. A beech-maple forest is an example of a climax community. 7. When no life exists at all in an area, primary succession begins. 8. Physical disturbances such as fires disturb the stability of a climax community. 9. Primary succession can take hundreds or even thousands of years to develop into a climax community.

5. Number the following in order: 2, 4, 3, 1 How Ecosystems Change: 1
Number the following in order: 2, 4, 3, 1 How Ecosystems Change: 1. Secondary 2. Secondary 3. Primary 4. Secondary

6. 5. What is ecological succession
5. What is ecological succession? The gradual changes that occur in a species 6. What is the general name for the first species to grow after a volcanic eruption covers an area with lava? Pioneer species

7. How does soil form from bare rock
How does soil form from bare rock? Lichens and the forces of weather and erosion with breaks down rock to form soil. As pioneer species die, organic material builds new soil.
How does succession occur after a forest fire? The soil may already contain seeds, more seeds are carried to the area

8. 9. Which takes longer, primary or secondary. Explain
9. Which takes longer, primary or secondary? Explain. Soil is already present at the beginning of secondary succession 10. What is a community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession called? Climax community

9. 1. cool temperatures cause condensation of water vapor 2
1. cool temperatures cause condensation of water vapor 2. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to make sugar molecules. 3. Nitrogen fixation is performed by bacteria 4. Energy is stored in fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the body

10. 5. Production of food from chemicals is called chemosynthesis 6
5. Production of food from chemicals is called chemosynthesis 6. In a food chain, herbivores eat producers 7. Energy decreases moving for level to level in an energy pyramid

11. 8. condensation, precipitation, surface water evaporation, transpiration water cycle 9. a gas form the atmosphere is changed into usable compounds by lightening or by bacteria, decomposing organic matter and animal wasted release those compounds into the soil, plants use the compounds to build cells nitrogen cycle

12. 10. A gas given off by plants issued by people and animals, a different gas exhaled by people and animals is used by plants. carbon cycle While most organisms get energy from sunlight, bacteria that use chemosynthesis to produce food get energy from sulfur/chemicals.

13. 12. A food web is made up of food chain(s) and shows all the possible feeding relationships in a community Carnivores and omnivores eat other consumers in a food chain The process of liquid water changing into water vapor and entering the atmosphere is called evaporation 15. The release of water by plants is transpiration.

14. 1. Nonliving environmental features are abiotic 2
1. Nonliving environmental features are abiotic 2. soil: Mixture of mineral and rock particles, remains of organisms, water, and air 3. evaporation: process in which liquid water changes into water vapor 4. energy pyramid: shows the comparative amount of energy available at each feeding level in an ecosystem

15. 5. climate: average weather conditions over time 6
5. climate: average weather conditions over time 6. Water cycle: shows how water moves through the environment 7. condensation: process in which water vapor changes into liquid water 8. biotic: living environmental features are biotic 9. food web: model of possible feeding or energy transfer, relationships among multiple organisms in a community chemosynthesis: production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals

16. Across: 1. Primary Succession 3. abiotic 4. Nitrogen Cycle 5
Across: Primary Succession 3. abiotic 4. Nitrogen Cycle 5. water cycle 6. energy pyramid 7. biotic 12. pioneer species 14. food web

17. DOWN: 2. secondary succession 8. carbon cycle 11. chemosynthesis 9
DOWN: secondary succession 8. carbon cycle 11. chemosynthesis 9. photosynthesis 13. climax community 10. bacteria

22. ECOLOGY the study of the environment
ECOLOGICAL sUCCESSION gradual changes in a type of species that live in an area
Niche: Job
CLIMAX COMMUNITY stable, balanced
PIONEER SPECIES First organisms that moved into a disturbed environment
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
—no soil Ex. Volcanic eruption
SECONDARY SUCCESSION —with soil —Faster Ex. Forest fire
BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEM HABITAT COMMUNITY POPULATION Organism
Limiting Factor:
Anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population
CARRYING CAPACITY
Largest number of individuals of a certain species that can survive
Exponential Growth: the larger a population gets the faster it grows
BIOTIC POTENTIAL: highest rate for reproduction
Explain primary succession
BEGINS IN A PLACE PREVIOUSLY WITHOUT PLANTS. IT STARTS WITH ARRIVAL OF LIVING THINGS SUCH AS LICHENS. SOIL BEGINS TO FORM AS LICHENS AND THE FORCES OF WEATHER AND EROSION HELP BREAK DOWN ROCKS INTO SMALLER PIECES. EVENTUALLY THESE PLANTS DIE, ADDING MORE ORGANIC MATERIAL. THE SOIL THICKENS , GRASSES, WILDFLOWERS AND OTHER PLANTS BEGIN TO TAKE OVER.
Explain secondary succession. WHEN A FIRE DISTURBS A FOREST OR WHEN A BUILDING IS TORN DOWN. NOT MUCH SEEMS TO BE LEFT EXCEPT DEAD TREES AND ASH-COVERED SOIL. AFTER THE RUBBLE OF A BUILDING IS REMOVED, ALL THAT REMAINS IS BARE SOIL. THIS SOIL CONTAINS THE SEEDS OF WEEDS, GRASSES, AND TREES. MORE SEEDS ARE CARRIED TO THE AREA BY WIND AND BIRDS. OTHER WILDLIFE MAY MOVE IN.