1. Managing Corporate Information Resources
Chapter 7
Information Systems Management in Practice
8th Edition

2. Outline Introduction Managing Data The Three-Level Database Model
Four Data Models
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

3. Outline Managing Information Content Management
Four Types of Information
Data Warehouses
Document Management
Content Management

4. Introduction IS continually manages new forms of information resources
Corporate databases
Documents (electronic or paper) and Web content
Knowledge management
Data—Information—Knowledge

5. Managing Data Data management
Structured way data is represented, stored and retrieved for use.
Database management systems (DBMS) are the main tool for managing corporate data
Two principles of DBMS
Three-level conceptual model
Several alternative data models for organizing the data

6. The Three-Level Database Model
Level 1: External, conceptual or local level
Various “user views” of corporate data
Each application program has own view
Level 2: Logical or enterprise data level
“Technical” (human) view of all corporate data
Controlled by database administrators
Level 3: Physical or storage level
Specifies the way data is physically stored
For use by database administrators

7. The Three-Level Database Model cont’d

8. Four Data Models Hierarchical Model
Each element is subordinate to another in a distinct hierarchical manner
The data is stored as records which are connected to one another through link
e.g., Parent-child relationship

9. Four Data Models Network Model
Allows each data item to have more than one parent
Relationships stated by pointers stored with the data

10. Four Data Models Relational Model
Data stored in tables (intuitive for users)
“Key” uniquely defines each record
“Tuple-calculus” operations
Commands such as Select, Join, Match, etc.
Data normalization (optimization)
Not as efficient as hierarchical but more flexible
Database technology of choice (e.g., SQL, MS Access)

11. Four Data Models Object-Oriented Database Model
Extension of concept of data to objects:
Piece of data
Methods that can perform work on data
Attributes describing the data
Relationships between objects
Objects can be used to store any type of data
e.g., spreadsheet, video clip, photograph, music segment
Object database

12. Four Data Models
Object-Oriented Database Model

13. Four Data Models
Object-oriented models retain traditional DBMS features including
End-user tools
High-level query languages
Concurrency control
Recovery
Ability to handle huge amounts of data
Addition of two major concepts
Object management
Knowledge management

14. Four Data Models
Object-oriented models outperform relational systems for certain types of database manipulation
Scientific and engineering applications

15. Enterprise Resource Planning
ERP provides the means to consolidate data to give management a corporate-wide view of operations
An important prerequisite to installing an ERP system is data consistency
Data definitions cleaned up
Shared data controlled
Data distribution managed
Data quality maintained

16. Managing Information
Once enterprises get their data into shape, that data can more easily be turned into information
“Information is power”
Managing information is a critical activity
Technology = infrastructure
Asset = information that runs on that infrastructure

17. Managing Information Four Types of Information
Internal record-based information—original focus of IS and most used in organizations
Found in databases
Internal document-based information
Reports, s, proposals
External record-based information
Acquisition from external databases
External document-based information
World-Wide-Web

18. Four Types of Information

19. Records versus Documents

20. Managing Information Record-based information was IS focus
Easy to generate and manage
Little attention to document-based information
Difficult to manipulate
Intranets and Internet (html) changed this
Documents integral part of information now
IS is involved in all four areas of information today

21. Data Warehouses Data warehouse: Stores data used to make decisions
Obtained periodically from transaction databases
Snapshot of situation at specific time
Different from operational databases
Customer data is most common type of data housed
reporting internal data to business intelligence today

22. Data Warehouses Metadata Quality data Datamart
The part of the warehouse that defines the data
Explains meaning of each data element and sets standards
Quality data
The cleaning process to adhere to metadata standards
The older the data the more suspect its quality
Datamart
A subset of data pulled off the warehouse for a specific group of users
Faster search time and lower costs

23. Data Warehouses Five steps in a data warehousing project:
Define the business uses of the data
Create the data model for the warehouse
Cleanse the data
Select the user tools
Monitor usage and system performance

24. Data Warehouses
Data warehouses are seen as strategic assets that can yield business intelligence
customer behavior, internal operations, product mixes, etc.
Again, getting corporate data into shape is a key prerequisite
e.g., integrating data from legacy systems

25. Document Management
Documents more pervasive and fundamental than anything else in an organization.
Paper still plays a major role in most enterprises
Need to move seamlessly between digital and print
Electronic document management (EDM) uses new technologies for document management to produce significant impacts

26. Document Management Improve the publishing process
Traditional process has inefficiencies
Infrequent long print runs require storing documents which become obsolete between runs
60% of total cost of delivering these documents in storage and transportation
EDM enables major restructuring of publishing and distribution process of print documents
Electronic storage
Mass distribution (over time/space) and print when needed
EDM minimizes physical warehouse costs and delivery time

27. Document Management Traditional Publishing Process
Electronic Document Management

28. Content Management
Corporate intranets (Web content) now replace print documents
Necessary to support scale of e-business operations
Automation of content
Computer-readable and interchangeable format
e.g., XML
Content is no longer static, but interactive

29. Content Management
To create a content management strategy, companies need to understand the three phases of content
Managing content creation and acquisition
Content administration and safeguarding
Content deployment and presentation

30. Content Management
Source: Adapted from Chuck, Tueber, Dealing in Web Currency, Gartner EXP,
56 Top Gallant, Stamford, CT, June 2001.

31. Content Management Managing content creation and acquisition
Focus on creating content quality
Content can be purchased from external specialists
Decentralized organizational structure for content creation and maintenance to content-expert employees is best approach
Central direction for dispersed experts however required
Standardized organization-wide formats to integrate content into overall workflow also needed

32. Content Management Content Administration and Safeguarding
Efficiency is key in this phase
Content management tools can be used to identify types of content and the business rules that apply to each type
Efficiency is about doing things in an optimal way

33. Content Management Content Deployment and Presentation
Effectiveness is the emphasis in this phase— maximize effect of Web content presentation
Attract visitors and gain desired outcomes
Easy site navigation, pertinent and accurate information
This phase is crucial to success of e-commerce effort and so Web site design should start here
Most Web sites today require certain features to attract and retain visitors
Personalization
Localization
Effectiveness is about doing the right task, completing activities and achieving goals

34. Content Management Selecting Web Content Management tools
Wide range of COTS available today
Some important selection criteria
Digital asset management
Information rights management
Ability to handle full range of digital content types
Versioning
Workflow and approval routing
Web publishing platform