1. Chapter 99: Diagnosis and Evaluation of Nephrolithiasis
Stephen J. Knohl and
Steven J. Scheinman

2. From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7th Edition.
Figure 1
Figure 1 (A) Clockwise from top left. Typical bipyramidal calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals (interference-contrast, ×640). Ovoid monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals (phase-contrast, ×640). Rhomboid uric acid crystals (phase-contrast, ×400). Uric acid crystals under polarized light (×250). (B) Clockwise from top left. Amorphous phosphates (phase contrast, ×400). Triple phosphate crystals (interference-contrast, ×400). A star-like calcium phosphate crystal (phase-contrast, ×400). Calcium phosphate plate (phase-contrast, ×400). (Reprinted with permission from Oxford University Press from Fogazzi GB 1996 Crystalluria: A neglected aspect of urinary sediment analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:379–387.)
Figure 1 (A) Clockwise from top left. Typical bipyramidal calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals (interference-contrast, ×640). Ovoid monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals (phase-contrast, ×640). Rhomboid uric acid crystals (phase-contrast, ×400). Uric acid crystals under polarized light (×250). (B) Clockwise from top left. Amorphous phosphates (phase contrast, ×400). Triple phosphate crystals (interference-contrast, ×400). A star-like calcium phosphate crystal (phase-contrast, ×400). Calcium phosphate plate (phase-contrast, ×400). (Reprinted with permission from Oxford University Press from Fogazzi GB 1996 Crystalluria: A neglected aspect of urinary sediment analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:379–387.)

3. From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7th Edition.
Figure 2
Figure 2 The black ovals mark the bilateral radioopaque calculi identified on this plain film. Also noted are bilateral double J-stents in this 36-yr-old womane with calcium phosphate stones in the face of distal renal tubular acidosis secondary to Sjogren syndrome.
Figure 2 The black ovals mark the bilateral radioopaque calculi identified on this plain film. Also noted are bilateral double J-stents in this 36-yr-old womane with calcium phosphate stones in the face of distal renal tubular acidosis secondary to Sjogren syndrome.
© 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

4. From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7th Edition.
Figure 3
Figure 3 The white oval highlights a calculus with posterior shadowing identified in the left kidney in the same patient described in Fig. 2.
Figure 3 The white oval highlights a calculus with posterior shadowing identified in the left kidney in the same patient described in Fig. 2.
© 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

5. From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7th Edition.
Figure 4
Figure 4 A calculus is identified in the left kidney, and nephrocalcinosis is present bilaterally in the same patient described above in Figs. 2 and 3.
Figure 4 A calculus is identified in the left kidney, and nephrocalcinosis is present bilaterally in the same patient described above in Figs. 2 and 3.
© 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

6. From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7th Edition.
Figure 5
Figure 5 Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (l-FTIR) spectra. (Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers from Evan AP, Lingeman JE, Coe FL, Shao Y, Parks JH, Bledsoe SB, Phillips CL, Bonsib S, Worcester EM, Sommer AJ, Kim SC, Tinmouth WW, Grynpas M 2005 Crystal-associated nephropathy in patients with brushite nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 67:576–591, copyright 2005.)
Figure 5 Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (l-FTIR) spectra. (Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers from Evan AP, Lingeman JE, Coe FL, Shao Y, Parks JH, Bledsoe SB, Phillips CL, Bonsib S, Worcester EM, Sommer AJ, Kim SC, Tinmouth WW, Grynpas M 2005 Crystal-associated nephropathy in patients with brushite nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 67:576–591, copyright 2005.)

7. From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7th Edition.
Figure 6
Figure 6 Scatter patterns from X-ray diffractometry for the seven most common stone components: (A) calcium oxalate monohydrate, (B) calcium oxalate dihydrate, (C) calcium phosphate, (D) calcium phosphate dihydrate, (E) struvite, (F) uric acid, and (G) cystine. (Reprinted with permission from IOP Publishing from Davidson MT, Batchelar DL, Velupillai S, Denstedt JD, Cunningham IA 2005 Analysis of urinary stone components by X-ray coherent scatter: characterizing composition beyond laboratory X-ray diffractometry. Phys Med Biol 50:3773–3786.)
Figure 6 Scatter patterns from X-ray diffractometry for the seven most common stone components: (A) calcium oxalate monohydrate, (B) calcium oxalate dihydrate, (C) calcium phosphate, (D) calcium phosphate dihydrate, (E) struvite, (F) uric acid, and (G) cystine. (Reprinted with permission from IOP Publishing from Davidson MT, Batchelar DL, Velupillai S, Denstedt JD, Cunningham IA 2005 Analysis of urinary stone components by X-ray coherent scatter: characterizing composition beyond laboratory X-ray diffractometry. Phys Med Biol 50:3773–3786.)