2. Verb Patterns and the Be Patterns Ed McCorduck English 402--Grammar SUNY Cortland http://mccorduck.cortland.edu

3. Our analysis of sentence structure will be based on the assumption that there exist certain specific sentence patterns. The pattern of any given sentence will be said to derive from whatever its main verb is, i.e., each verb requires the sentence that it “anchors” to be in a specific pattern. slide 2: verbs and sentence patterns English 402: Grammar

4. There are a limited number of sentence patterns, and these patterns can be grouped into four main sentence pattern categories: be patterns linking verb patterns intransitive verb pattern transitive verb patterns slide 3: four sentence pattern categories English 402: Grammar

5. the be patterns Pattern I NPbeADV/TP (subj)(pred vb)(adverbial of time or place) Stated plainly, sentences of this pattern feature a noun phrase subject, any form of the verb be functioning as a “predicating verb” and an element that serves as an adverbial of time or place. Note: All the patterns and the accompanying codes/abbreviations used in describing them come directly from our textbook Understanding English Grammar. As in our text, “(subj)” stands for the subject role and “(pred vb)” means that the verb (in this pattern be, under which the code occurs) functions as a predicating verb. slide 4: the be patterns: Pattern I English 402: Grammar

6. exx (words/phrases serving as the elements of this pattern are separated by |) George | is | early. The books | were | in the library. Our team’s games | have been | on Fridays. slide 5: examples of Pattern I sentences English 402: Grammar

7. slide 6: Reed-Kellogg diagram of a Pattern I sentence English 402: Grammar Here is a Reed-Kellogg diagram of George is early showing how in sentences of this pattern the adverbial of time or place is placed below the verb as a modifier on a slanted line:

8. slide 7: prepositional phrases English 402: Grammar The example sentence The books were in the library features a prepositional phrase (a.k.a. a PP). Prepositional phrases are headed by a preposition, i.e., a little word like in, at or through, that governs a noun phrase. In Reed-Kellogg diagrams, a prepositional phrase is diagrammed as a unit in which the preposition is on a slanted line below the predicate part of the main line, and this slanted line connects to a line parallel to the main line on which is placed the headword of the noun phrase, and any modifiers of the head noun go below it on slanted lines. For example, following is the diagram of The books were in the library in which in the library is a prepositional phrase serving as an adverbial of place:

9. slide 8: Reed-Kellogg diagram of a Pattern I sentence with a PP ADV/TP English 402: Grammar

10. Pattern II NPbeADJ (subj)(pred vb)(subj comp) “(subj comp)” is subject complement slide 9: the be patterns: Pattern II English 402: Grammar

11. exx George | is | dorky. The teacher | will be | very annoyed. The art world | has been | in a tizzy. slide 10: examples of Pattern II sentences English 402: Grammar

12. slide 11: Reed-Kellogg diagrams with complements English 402: Grammar In Reed-Kellogg diagrams, complements go on the main line after the predicating verb and are separated from it by a slanted line. Here is the diagram of George is dorky where the adjective dorky functioning as a subject complement (i.e., it refers to the subject of the sentence George) comes after the verb is:

13. slide 12: prepositional phrases as subject complements English 402: Grammar When the subject complement is a prepositional phrase as in the example The art world is in a tizzy, the prepositional phrase is put on top of a vertical line with a “forked tail” (I think the thing looks like a rocket) which connects to the main line and comes after a slanted line like any other complement. To illustrate, here is the diagram of The art world is in a tizzy where in a tizzy is a prepositional phrase functioning as subject complement:

14. slide 13: Reed-Kellogg diagram of a sentence with a PP subj comp English 402: Grammar

15. Pattern III NP 1 be NP 1 (subj)(pred vb)(subj comp) NP 1 means that the noun phrase refers to the same entity as some other noun phrase in the same sentence, which is also designated NP 1. slide 14: the be patterns: Pattern III English 402: Grammar

16. exx Peter | is | the village idiot. That chick | was | a babe. Members of the gang | had been | fugitives slide 15: examples of Pattern III sentences English 402: Grammar

17. slide 16: NP 1 s vs. NP 2 s English 402: Grammar compare Professor Mendez is my math teacher. NP 1 NP 1 Professor Mendez killed my math teacher. NP 1 NP 2 i.e., in the second sentence the noun phrases Professor Mendez and my math teacher cannot refer to the same person, these NPs therefore having different “indexes”

18. slide 17: Reed-Kellogg diagram of a Pattern III sentence English 402: Grammar Noun phrase subject complements are diagramed like other complements, namely after slanted lines on the main line after the verb. As an example, here is the diagram of Peter is an idiot: