1. Types of Administration of drug routes By Hawraa Mahdi

2. How determine the route for drug administration? – Depends on : 1.Properties of drug. (Water,lipidsoulable,etc) 2.Therapeutic objective.(need for long term treatment, or need rapid onset action ).

3. What are the major routes for drug administration?

4. What is oral route advantage &disadvantages? – It is the safest and most common, convenient, and economical method. – Advantages: 1.Easily self-administered 2..Low risk of infections (unlike injecting drugs) –.Toxicities and overdose by the oral route may be overcome by GIT decontamination (e.g. Emesis or Gastric lavage) – Disadvantages: 1.Drug absorption is more complicated. 2.Low pH of the stomach may inactivate some drugs.Dosage form preparations used could be liquids (e.g. syrup, suspension,.etc.) or solid forms (e.g. tablet, capsule,..etc.)

5. What are advantages &disadvantages of sublingual route? – The drug placed under the tongue to facilitate direct absorption to systemic circulation. – Advantages: – Rapid absorption (results in rapid onset of action). – Avoidance of first-pass metabolism (increase bioavailability). – Convenience of administration.Bypass of harsh GI environment. – Disadvantages – May loss part of drug dose if swallowed.

6. What are advantages & disadvantages of Rectal route ? – Because 50% of the drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal circulation, the biotransformation of drugs by the liver is minimized with rectal administration. – The rectal route has the additional advantage 1.of preventing the destruction of the drug by intestinal enzymes or by low pH in the stomach. 2. The rectal route is also useful if the drug induces vomiting when given orally or if the patient is already vomiting (e.g. paracetamol suppositories). – Disadvantages 1.May irritate the rectal mucosa. 2.Not well accepted

7. What is inhalation route ? – Provide rapid drug delivery across the large surface area of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium – Advantages 1.Used for drugs that are gases (e.g., nitrous oxide ) and those that can be dispersed in an aerosol (salbutamol and inhaled corticosteroids, such as fluticasone). 2.This route is effective and convenient for patients with respiratory diseases {such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)} – Disadvantages 1.Most addictive route 2.Difficult regulate dose 3.Many patients don’t know how to use inhaler

8. IV route ? – It permits rapid effect and maximum control of circulating levels of the drug and include: – bolus dose administration (the initial full amount of a drug is delivered to the systemic circulation almost immediately) resulting in peak plasma concentration of the drug. – IV infusion (giving the drug during a longer time and slower rate), resulting in a decrease in the peak plasma concentration and an increase in the time the drug is present in the circulation. – Disadvantages:. 1.IV injection may introduce bacteria or viruses. 2.It may precipitate blood constituents or induce hemolysis.

9. I’M route ? – Depends on drug diluent : – aqueous solutions, rapid – Depot preparations, slow and sustained – Disadvantages – Can be painful – Cause intramuscular hemorrhage

10. Topical? – Topical: It is used when a local effect of the drug is desired. For example, applying a cream,ointment,gel, directly to the skin, the use of nasal drops, eye drops, 1.Local therapeutic effect 2.Low risk of side effect

11. Transdermal route? – Transdermal: This route achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. – The rate of absorption varies according to physical characteristics of the skin at site of application and lipid solubility of the drug.