1. To what extent did a torrent of religious fervor, combining a belief in moral improvements and various other movements set out to democratize the nation. Religious, Moral and intellectual reform Homework: see website,

2. Charles G. Finney The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

3. The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening “ Spiritual Reform From Within to fight the forces of evil ” [A Religious Revivalism movement with emphasis on self-reliance] HUMAN PERFECTIBILITY Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women ’ s Rights Abolitionism The Good citizen acts for the common good

4. “The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

5. Primary source review The Constitution of the Brook Farm Association. –“Although social structures can be change, human nature remains essentially selfish and competitive.” Nathaniel Hawthorne –Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Nathaniel Hawthorne: pessimistic worldview, published The Scarlet Letter (1850) criticizing excessive individualism; Herman Melville: critic of transcendentalist focus on the individual, published Moby Dick (1851) in which a personal quest brings death

7. John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) e Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. Eventually, Noyes was forced to leave, and the community abandoned its ideas of complex marriage but remained cooperative

8. THE SHAKERS  the first successful American communal movement;  believed sexual lust had been the downfall of Adam and Eve;  known as “Shakers” for dancing during service;  Because the Shakers disdained sexual intercourse, by 1900, they virtually disappeared, Lee Ann Stanley (Mother Ann)

9. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Joseph Smith (1805-1844)  1823  Golden Tablets  1830  Book of Mormon  1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL

10. Violence against the Mormons  Deseret community.  Salt Lake City, Utah Brigham Young (1801-1877 )

11. Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA

12. Reading: Transcendentalism and social reform, by Philip f. Gura What is the thesis of the essay? Site some examples that prove it correct or incorrect. How did the Transcendentalists attempt to bring democratic reforms to the United States? Why were most transcendentalist a failure?

13. Transcendentalism “Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning. ” How is Transcendentalist thinking going to influence the United States during the 19 th century?

14.  Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive: 1.The infinite benevolence of God. 2.The infinite benevolence of nature. 3.The divinity of man.  They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

15. "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.” -Henry D.Thoreau

16. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) “ The American Scholar ” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5 Margaret Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott, Frederic Henry Hedge, and Theodore Parker

17.  Give freedom to the slave.  Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.  Give learning to the ignorant.  Give health to the sick.  Give peace and justice to society.

18. Frances Willard The Beecher Family 1826 - American Temperance Society “ Demon Rum ” ! R1-6

19. From the first glass to the grave, 1846

20. “ Father of American Education ” e children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials e children should be “ molded ” into a state of perfection e discouraged corporal punishment e established state teacher- training programs R3-6

21. Religious Training  Secular Education e MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1 st state to establish tax support for local public schools. e By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

22. “ Cult of Domesticity ” e A woman ’ s “ sphere ” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). e Her role was to “ civilize ” her husband and family. e An 1830s MA minister: “The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!”

23. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY R1-5/7

24. Social Reform  Prostitution The “Fallen Woman” Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887) e 1835  Advocate of Moral Reform e Female Moral Reform Society focused on the “ Johns ” & pimps, not the girls. R2-1

25. The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké e Southern Abolitionists Lucy Stone e American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. e edited Woman’s Journal R2-9

26. 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women ’ s role in it. London  World Anti-Slavery Convention Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments