2. Rising up Against Imperialism

3. Nationalism Unit

4.  He became the president of the Indian National Congress in 1920.  He was able to unite all of India for independence; he took the struggle beyond the members of the middle-class Congress and was able to inspire the commoners, who had been left out of the movement to that point.  His appeal won support at all levels; he stressed India’s proud history, he presented himself as a devout Hindu, he dressed traditionally, he rejected parts of the caste system, and demanded better treatment of the lowest castes.

5.  Gandhi’s beliefs were rooted in both Hinduism and Christianity.  From Hinduism, he preached the respect for all living things and non-violence.  From Christianity, Gandhi admired the Christian teaching of love, even for your enemies.  Gandhi was even influenced by American author Henry David Thoreau; Thoreau had practiced civil disobedience.

6.  Civil disobedience is the refusal to obey unjust laws.  Examples—strikes, sit-ins, boycotts  His goal was to make the world aware of the British injustice by accepting punishment without striking back.  Gandhi’s approach would later influence Martin Luther King during his civil rights crusades.

7. What is your reaction to this scene?

8.  1930.  British had placed a high tax on salt; they had also made it illegal for Indians to make their own salt.  In protest, Gandhi led followers on a 200 mile march from his home to the Indian coast.  Once there, they broke the law and made salt from the sea water.  The British response was to arrest 50,000 Indians; brought worldwide attention and support to the Indian independence cause. Also had British wondering if India was worth all the trouble of keeping.

9.  As with Africa and Middle East, World War I and World War II weakened Britain; holding on to colonies became too difficult  At the outbreak of WWII, Gandhi organized the “Quit India” movement; India would not support Britain’s war efforts unless promised independence.  By 1945, Britain realized enough was enough.  1947—Britain’s parliament passed the Indian Independence Act.

10. India—Part 4

11.  For many years of the independence movement, Hindus and Muslims worked together.  – However, by the time independence came around, there were deep divisions. – Hindus were the majority, and were wealthy.

12.  Muslims were poorer and seen as invaders (Mughals).  Gandhi worked to keep both sides united but failed. –riots and clashes broke out between the 2 sides in 1947. – Britain thought that if they left things as they were, a full-scale war would break out.

13.  Britain decided that region needed to be divided up.  – Plan was to create 2 countries—a Muslim Pakistan and a Hindu India.

14.  2 major problems with Pakistan  1. Was created with a disputed region (Kashmir) in which both India and Pakistan claimed as there own.  2. Pakistan was divided into 2 parts —East and West—that were on either side of India and 1800 miles apart

15.  Both new governments promised tolerance for the other religion but the level of distrust was too much to overcome.  – Violence soon broke out– Gandhi was killed. – A mass migration began. – Estimates range from 10 to 15 million people  – Hindus went south towards India; Muslims went north to Pakistan  – An estimated 1 million died during their journey.  – Gandhi fell victim to the violence as he was assassinated in January 1948.

16.  India and Pakistan have had 4 armed conflicts. – 1947, 1964, 1971 and 1984  – The 1971 war resulted in the loss of East Pakistan(became Bangladesh)  The issue for the rest of the world is that both of these countries are nuclear powers.  Also, any type of damage to the Indian economy would severely hurt the world economy.  Major issue now is Pakistani-sponsored terrorists attacks in India.

17. Nationalism Unit

18.  After China declared itself a republic, Dr. Sun Yatsen was named president in 1911.  He was ousted in 1912.  Sun resettled in the South and began to assemble an army. His followers were known as Nationalists.  The general that Sun appointed was named Chiang Kai-shek.  Chiang became very popular and the Nationalist movement did as well.

19.  1925—Sun dies. Chiang takes over power of Nationalists.  1928—Chiang has brought China under his control.  However, the Communist party under Mao Zedong also had organized an army and was growing in popularity, particularly among the poorer classes.  Chiang began to arrest, imprison, and kill Communist party members.  In response, Mao organized the Long March  Year long, 6000 mile trek from S.E. China to N.W. China in which only 7,000 out of originally 90,000 survived.  Even though it was a death march, Mao became a cult figure to many Chinese and once settled in the Northwest, was able to quickly regain followers.

20.  Japan broke up the fighting between the Nationalists and Communists when they invaded the country in the 1930s.  The 2 groups actually joined together to fight against the Japanese.  Japan was able to hold onto parts of China until they surrendered in 1945.  Once the war was over, the Communists were in control in the North and the Nationalists still controlled the South.

21.  After Japanese left, the Nationalists and Communists resumed their fighting.  The Nationalists were backed by the U.S. but the Communists had been able to promote themselves as the party of the common man and were supported by a large majority of the population.  While Chiang was better equipped, Mao had organized his army into a very disciplined and skilled fighting unit.  1949—Communists reach and take over Beijing. Chiang is forced from China and retreats to Taiwan and never returns to China again.

22.  Mao preached to the poor; made them an invaluable part of his mission.  He promised to end the oppression of the rich and to fairly distribute land.  He also promised to throw out the imperialists and industrialize the country.  Mao was also able to win over the middle-classes by promising to end China’s humiliation at the hands of its foreign oppressors.  Mao sold the vision of a classless society in which the working class would be the only class and land, money, and prestige would be fairly and equally distributed to all.

23. China’s Move to A World Power

24.  Once his power was established, Mao re-wrote the constitution and put himself in power.  China became a totalitarian state—all aspects of the country—economy, media, law were under the control of Mao.  Mao was able to make himself into a “god” figure and people were taught that he had all of the answers to China’s problems.  His book, “The Little Red Book,” outsold the Bible for a number of years.  China had a lot of issues—population, food shortages, no money—and Mao struggled to fix them.

25.  Mao enacted 2 movements to address China’s problems:  1. The Great Leap Forward  2. The Cultural Revolution  Each was an attempt to destroy the “old” system in China where the wealthy held the power.

26.  Based on collective farming and communes—peasants would pool their land, tool, and labor and work for the government.  They were expected to increase food production, build bridges, canals, and other infrastructure.  Workers were assigned jobs and, in return, provided with food, clothing, housing, medical care, child care, and schooling.  Led to disaster:  Peasants resisted giving their crops to the government and went as far as destroying them—food production fell as a result.  Since they were guaranteed jobs, many Chinese did not work very hard if at all.  There was a number of floods and droughts.  20 million believed to have died in 3 years.

27. Mao launched it in 1966 as a reaction to the criticism he was taking about the Great Leap program He felt that China needed to renew its revolutionary spirit. A group called the Red Guard was formed—they traveled the country hold rallies and attacking those who they felt were against Mao. Result—China fell into a period of chaos. Schools closed, factories ceased production—a whole generation of Chinese had their lives disrupted.

28.  Mao passed away in 1976; a power struggle ensued between a group lead by his wife The Gang of Four) and a moderate group.  The moderates controlled the “Congress” and took power. Deng Xiaoping became the new leader.  Deng’s goals were similar to Mao’s—help China achieve power and wealth—but he stressed economic reform over class struggle gave up on a classless society).

29.  Deng’s name for his plan was the Four Modernizations.  1. Modernizing Agriculture— make farming more productive through machinery and bring the country to self-sufficiency in its food supply. Also changed way farmers did business-allowed them to sell their crops for profit. Output grew rapidly.  2. Develop science and technology  Have spent millions of dollars on education, research, and investment. China’s space program launched its first manned mission to outer space in 2003. China is also becoming a world leader in green technology

30.  3. Expand industry—  moved industries towards consumer goods. Worked well— China became one of fastest developing countries. Will surpass U.S. as world’s largest economy if pace continues.  Created Special Economic Zones—created in the late 1970s to spur economic growth by attracting foreign investment. Set low tax rates and made it easy to operate a business to lure foreign business in. Worked very well-began with 4 zones, now over 2,000. 4. Upgrade Military— China now has world’s largest standing army.

31.  China stands to shift the balance of power in the world from the U.S. to East Asia.  China is the world’s leading communist country. The U.S. has needed China for talks with North Korea and other world issues.  China is still very much a communist country with limited human rights.  1989-Tiananmen Square—around 600 student protestors were killed.  China’s jails are full of people imprisoned without a trial and sentences are often too harsh for the offense.

32. Nationalism Unit

33.  Colonial Class system was as followed order from top to bottom):  1. Peninsulares—officials sent from Spain to rule the colonies. Revolutionary meter—just fine with status quo.  2. Creoles—Lived comfortably but kept out of top jobs by peninsulares. Revolutionary meter—ready for change.  3. Mestizos—growing in numbers but not in power. Revolutionary meter—ready for change.  4. Native Americans—had suffered greatly at hands of Europeans. Revolutionary meter—really ready for change.  5. Free blacks—no longer slaves but very little political or economic opportunity. Revolutionary meter—really ready for change.  6. Slaves—Revolutionary meter—really, really, really ready for change. The European Age of Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution had people on both sides of the world feeling that the colonies deserved to choose their futures and not just be colonial property. In the late 1700’s, the first dominoes started to fall.

34.  The French Revolution helped to spark the Haitian Revolution.  Revolution began with white settlers calling for independence; slaves had their own goal—freedom.  Slaves began to burn the sugar cane in the fields.  Toussaint L’Ouverture became the leader of the rebellion.  He was an effective and ruthless general who was able to drive out all foreigners by 1800.  In 1802, France sent an army to reclaim the island. They captured Toussiant and he died in a French prison.

35.  Toussaint’s death did not end the rebellion.  While he was in prison, thousands of French soldiers died in Haiti from yellow fever.  The surviving soldiers fled Haiti.  In 1804, Haiti declared its independence.  Haiti’s success actually frightened many in Spanish America; they wanted their independence but did not want to lose their social status.

36.  After the French Revolution, Napoleon came to power in France; he immediately sent the entire continent into years of war.  The fighting weakened Spain’s hold on its colonies as their attention turned to defeating Napoleon.  When Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815, Spain set out to restore its authority but it was too late.

37.  Became known as “the Liberator.”  Born into a wealthy creole family, Bolívar studied in Europe and vowed to recreate the freedoms he saw in Europe.  He returned home to Venezuela in 1807 and joined revolutionary forces.  Twice, Bolívar had to flee to Haiti; Haitian leaders gave him ships, guns, money, and a printing press. In return, he promised to end slavery in Venezuela.

38.  The rebels were not strong enough to defeat the royal army.  Bolivar came up with a bold plan; he would not attack head on but instead would sail down the coast, cross the Andes, and attack the capital city of Bogota.  In 1819, he and his troops were able to capture the city and defeat the royal army.  Bolivar set up the Republic of Gran Colombia as an independent country.

39.  Gran Colombia included 2 areas—Ecuador and Peru—that were not yet free. Bolivar joined forces with Jose de San Martin to free them.  Like Bolivar, San Martin was a creole. He was born in Argentina and sent to Spain to serve in the Spanish army.  In 1812, he returned home to fight for freedom and by 1816, Argentina had gained its independence.

40.  After helping Argentina achieve independence, San martin pledged to liberate Chile.  He took his army across the Andes and they defeated the Spanish in 1818.  Finally, in 1825, San Martin and Bolivar teamed up and freed Ecuador and Peru.  Britain, France, and the Dutch still held their colonies on the northern coast, but the rest of South America was independent.

41.  Struggle began in 1810 in a small Indian town named Dolores; there a priest, Miguel Hidalgo, challenged them to fight for the freedom.  Hidalgo assembled an army of Native Americans and mestizos and they began a rebellion.

42.  Initially, they were supported by the creoles of Mexico; however, as the rebellion gained momentum, Hidalgo began to take land from the wealthy and announcing reforms like an end to slavery and the return of land to natives.  The frightened creoles who then turned on Hidalgo.  Loyalist forces were able to capture Hidalgo and he was killed in 1811.

43.  The rebellion found a new leader in Jose Morelos; however, he was captured and killed in 1815.  Things did not change until 1820.  Spain re-wrote the Mexican constitution. It did not favor wealthy creoles and they joined the rebels.  In 1821, the new rebel army was able to declare its independence.

44.  Brazil actually achieved its independence rather easily.  In 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal. The king of Portugal and 15,000 members of his court fled to Brazil in response.  It was a great economic boon for Brazil; the king stayed for 14 years.  When he left in 1821, he left his son in power. His advice to his son was that if the people demand independence, do it, and make yourself king.  In 1822, that is exactly what happened. Brazil remained a monarchy until 1889 when a democratic constitution was written.

45. Nationalism Unit

46.  Greece took lands in Anatolia that were ruled by Turks. General Mustafa Kemal rallied Turks against the Greeks and drove them out. Kemal had enough power by 1923 to overthrow the sultan, end the Ottoman Empire and make Turkey a republic.  He would come to call himself Kemal Ataturk which means “father of the Turks.”

47.  He wanted to make Turkey a modern secular state.  He wanted separation of church and state and replaced the Islamic law code with western models.  Women got the right to vote and hold office.  Non-religious public schools were set up.  He used government money to build industries.  The western calendar, metric system, clothing and alphabet began to be used.  While many supported his reforms, many didn’t, especially Muslims who “feared that western ways would destroy their traditions and values.”

48.  Both France and Britain wanted to control Egypt during the Age of Imperialism, especially because of what would become the Suez Canal. Whoever controlled the canal controlled shipping and trade between Europe and Asia.  Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, but the British and Ottomans forced them back out.  French influence would still strongly impact Egyptian culture.

49.  - Muhammad Ali became governor of Egypt in 1805 (Egypt was still part of the Ottoman Empire at the time), but followed his own policies.  He wanted to modernize Egypt and introduced reforms.  French experts came to train in the “latest European military and scientific techniques.”  New farming methods, improved irrigation and cash crops (especially cotton) were introduced.  Egypt’s textile industry began.

50.  In order to continue Ali’s reforms, his successors had to borrow money from European banks, which gave Britain and France an excuse to poke their noses in Egypt’s internal affairs.  France won the right to build the Suez Canal. Things got so bad financially for Egypt, that its leader sold his shares in the canal to Britain. Eventually Britain and France would take control of Egypt’s economy.  Egyptians rebelled, but were beaten by the British in 1882. Britain occupied Egypt. Muslims and Egyptian Christians, Copts, wanted Britain out.  Egypt declared its independence in 1922, but Britain controlled the Suez Canal until 1956.

51.  Iran also struggled for its independence against Russia and Britain, who wanted access to the Persian Gulf.  The shahs were weak and couldn’t resist European Imperialism  In the early 1900s Iranian nationalists wanted reform and in 1925Reza Khan took control.  He set up the Pahlavi dynasty and made himself shah.

52.  Reza wanted a modern industrial Iran without foreign control.  He had roads and factories built.  He modernized the army.  He also reduced the power of the Muslim clergy.  Westernization took place.  Western style clothing, some freedoms for women, western courses of study and western models for a law code.

53.  During WW I many Arabs had helped the British fight the Ottomans, and in return they expected their own independent kingdoms after the war. This didn’t happen and Arab nationalism increased (only Saudi Arabia got its independence).  Britain and France didn’t want to give up their mandates in the Middle East because of “the growing importance of oil.”  Some Middle Eastern countries did eventually gain their independence.  Iraq, 1932.  Lebanon, 1943.  Syria, 1945.

54.  The area around Israel had been know as Palestine.  Both the Arabs and the Jews claimed it as their homeland.  The Arabs had lived there for centuries by the time the British took over. They became known as Palestinians.  The Jews had historical ties to the area, but had been conquered and most Jews left the area.

55.  Jews have often been the target of discrimination and persecution.  A growing sentiment among Jews was to return to their homeland.  In 1917, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration in which they supported the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.  Arabs were in an uproar; they were furious that Britain was going to decide the fate of the area without their consent.

56.  6 million Jews were killed during WWII; Jewish homeland support grew.  Britain left the area and put the situation into the hands of the UN.  They voted to divide the land into separate Jewish and Arab states.  Arab leaders warned of war; the plan was put into effect anyway.  May 1948, the state of Israel was created. Within hours, they were attacked. With support from the US and Britain, Israel not only won, but took most of the Palestinian land away.

58.  There have been several wars fought since 1948.  Each time Israel has won and tightened its grip on the area.  Arabs demand a homeland for the Palestinians.  Palestinians have turned to terrorism to broadcast their beliefs.  Results have led to the current situation.

59. Nationalism Unit

60.  Nationalism(sense of pride in your own country) grew in Africa despite Europe controlling the continent.  Biggest issue was unity; the oddly shaped boundaries of the colonies meant that it most African colonies, there were many ethnic groups forced to work together. This did not always happen.  The movement known as PAN AFRICANISM helped because it called for Africans to think of themselves as a continent and not as individual countries or ethnic groups.

61.  WWI and WWII severely weakened the powers of Britain, Germany, France, and the rest of the colonial powers.  Holding onto the colonies became more trouble than they were worth.  The United Nations, created after WW2, pushed for European nations to give up their colonies.  The Soviet Union was also helpful to African nations as they funded some nationalist groups and worked against the democracies of Europe.

62.  In 1950, there were only 4 independent countries in Africa.  By 1966, all but a few were independent.  Most transitions were peaceful but a few would become bloody.

63.  African Nationalism has continued to be a struggle as most Africans indentify with their own ethnic group rather than a country.  This has led to many civil wars since the 1950s.  There have been 47 civil wars since 1950 in Africa(basically equals to 1 civil war per country).  Some of these wars have lasted decades and stretched out to just a few years ago(Sudan)