1. End Show Slide 1 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 35 BELL WORK 12/6 p. 117 Review for Final Exam Name all the parts of an atom and their charges. (P. 23-24 in lab book) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. End Show Slide 3 of 35 Bell Work 12/7 p. 117 Review for Final Exam 1.What do the atomic mass and atomic number tell us about an element? 2.What is a covalent bond? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. End Show Slide 4 of 35 12/10 BELLWORK p. 121 REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM What is a polar molecule? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. End Show Slide 5 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 Meiosis 11-4 Meiosis Notes pages 119-120

6. End Show Slide 6 of 35 MEIOSIS We have learned about Mendel’s Principle of Segregation which states that alleles separate when gametes are formed. The process by which the gametes form is called meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 7 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its “parents.” Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set.

8. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 8 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chromosome Number All organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. A body cell in an adult fruit fly has 8 chromosomes: 4 from the fruit fly's male parent, and 4 from its female parent.

9. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 9 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chromosome Number These two sets of chromosomes are homologous. Each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent. Homologous chromosomes = chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent.

10. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 10 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chromosome Number Diploid(2N) = A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is sometimes represented by the symbol 2N. For Drosophila, the diploid number is 8, which can be written as 2N=8.

11. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 11 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chromosome Number Haploid(N) = the gametes of sexually reproducing organisms containing only a single set of chromosomes. Haploid cells have only a single set of genes. These cells are haploid. Haploid cells are represented by the symbol N. For Drosophila, the haploid number is 4, which can be written as N=4.

12. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 12 of 35 Make the following flash cards with your table mate: 1.Homologous chromosomes 2.Diploid 3.Haploid 4.Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 13 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis What happens during the process of meiosis?

14. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 14 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

15. End Show Slide 15 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Meiosis involves two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. By the end of meiosis II, the diploid cell that entered meiosis has become 4 haploid cells. Phases of Meiosis

16. End Show Slide 16 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis Interphase I Meiosis I

17. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 17 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes. Interphase I

18. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 18 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous replicated chromosome to form a tetrad. There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad. MEIOSIS I I Prophase I

19. End Show Slide 19 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Crossing over = when homologous chromosomes form tetrads exchange portions of their chromatids. Crossing-over produces new combinations of alleles.

20. End Show Slide 20 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Crossing over = homologous chromosomes form tetrads to exchange portions of their chromatids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 21 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes. MEIOSIS I Metaphase I

22. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 22 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis MEIOSIS I Anaphase I The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.

23. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 23 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis MEIOSIS I Telophase I and Cytokinesis Nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells. The two cells produced by meiosis I have chromosomes and alleles that are different from each other and from the diploid cell that entered meiosis I.

24. End Show Slide 24 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Meiosis II The two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a second meiotic division. Unlike meiosis I, neither cell goes through chromosome replication. Each of the cell’s chromosomes has 2 chromatids.

25. End Show Slide 25 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Meiosis II Telophase II and Cytokinesis Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase I and Cytokinesis I Meiosis II

26. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 26 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. MEIOSIS II Prophase II

27. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 27 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis The chromosomes line up in the center of cell. MEIOSIS II Metaphase II

28. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 28 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. MEIOSIS II Anaphase II

29. End Show Slide 29 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phases of Meiosis Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. MEIOSIS II Telophase II and Cytokinesis

30. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 30 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gamete Formation In male animals, meiosis results in four equal-sized gametes called sperm.

31. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 31 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gamete Formation In many female animals, only one egg results from meiosis. The other three cells, called polar bodies, are usually not involved in reproduction.

32. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 32 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis How is meiosis different from mitosis?

33. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 33 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis results: 2 cells diploid cells. Genetically identical Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.

34. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 34 of 35 Meiosis results in: Four cells genetically different haploid cells. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

35. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 35 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Cells produced by mitosis have the same number of chromosomes and alleles as the original cell. Mitosis allows an organism to grow and replace cells. Some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis.

36. End Show 11-4 Meiosis Slide 36 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis Cells produced by meiosis have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These cells are genetically different from the diploid cell and from each other. Meiosis is how sexually-reproducing organisms produce gametes.

37. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 37 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4

38. End Show Slide 38 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 If the body cells of humans contain 46 chromosomes, a single sperm cell should have a.46 chromosomes. b.23 chromosomes. c.92 chromosomes. d.between 23 and 46 chromosomes.

39. End Show Slide 39 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 During meiosis, the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of a.daughter cells. b.homologous chromosomes. c.gametes. d.chromatids.

40. End Show Slide 40 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 The formation of a tetrad occurs during a.anaphase I. b.metaphase II. c.prophase I. d.prophase II.

41. End Show Slide 41 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 In many female animals, meiosis results in the production of a.only 1 egg. b.1 egg and 3 polar bodies. c.4 eggs. d.1 egg and 2 polar bodies.

42. End Show Slide 42 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 Compared to egg cells formed during meiosis, daughter cells formed during mitosis are a.genetically different, while eggs are genetically identical. b.genetically different, just as egg cells are. c.genetically identical, just as egg cells are. d.genetically identical, while egg cells are genetically different.

43. END OF SECTION