1. Muhammad Hashim Bs(zoology) UOG

2. Mechanism of birds respiration

3.  Introduction to Avian respiratory system  Respiratory system  Respiratory cycle of a bird

4.  The respiratory system of birds is extremely complex and efficient.  It consists of external nares, which lead to nasal passageways and the pharynx.  Bone and cartilage support the trachea. A special voice box, called the syrinx, is located where the trachea divides into bronchi.

6.  The muscles of the syrinx and bronchi, as well as characteristics of the trachea, produce bird vocalizations.  The bronchi lead to a complex system of air sacs that occupy much of the body and extend into some of the bones of the skeletal system

7.  The air sacs and bronchi connect to the lungs.  The lungs of birds are made of small air tubes called parabronchi.  Air capillaries about 10 mm in diameter branch from the parabronchi and are associated with capillary beds for gas exchange.

8.  Because of high metabolic rates associated with flight, birds have a greater rate of oxygen consumption than any other vertebrate.

9.  More importantly, they also have air sacs. Depending upon the species, the bird has seven or nine air sacs.  The air sacs include:  Two posterior thoracic Two abdominal Two anterior thoracic Two cervical (these are not present in some species) One interclavicular Air Sacs of a Bird

10.  The air sacs of birds extend into the humerus (the bone between the shoulder and elbow), the femur (the thigh bone), the vertebrae and even the skull.

11.  Respiration in birds requires two respiratory cycles  1(inspiration, expiration)  2( inspiration, expiration)  To move the air through the entire respiratory system.  In mammals, only one respiratory cycle is necessary.

12.  During the first inspiration, the air travels through the nostrils, also called nares, of a bird, which are located at the junction between the top of the upper beak and the head.  From there it passes through the larynx and into the trachea.

13.  Air moves through the trachea to the syrinx  The air does not go directly to the lung, but instead travels to the caudal (posterior) air sacs. A small amount of air will pass through the caudal air sacs to the lung.

14.  During the first expiration, the air is moved from the posterior air sacs through the ventrobronchi and dorsobronchi into the lungs.  The bronchi continue to divide into smaller diameter air capillaries.

15.  Two kinds of capillaries flow side by side, in opposite directions - the air flowing caudal to cranial and the blood flowing cranial to caudal (in general). This acts as a "countercurrent exchange" mechanism.

16.  Blood capillaries flow through the air capillaries and this is where the oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.  When the bird inspires the second time, the air moves to the anterior air sacs.  On the second expiration, the air moves out of the anterior air sacs, through the syrinx into the trachea, through the larynx, and finally through the nasal cavity and out of the nostrils.

19. Thank You