1. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Satish Kumar 1, Saket Sarraf 2, Sanjay Seth 3, Sameer Pandita 3, Archana Walia 4, Madhav Kamath 1 and Aalok Deshmukh 1 1 International Resources Group, New Delhi, India 2 ps Collective, Ahmedabad, India 3 Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi, India 4 United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi, India Presented by: Aalok A. Deshmukh Manager: Energy Efficiency Solutions USAID ECO-III Project International Resources Group

2. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Outline » Background » Motivation » Macro Level Analysis – Office, Hospital, Hotels » Regression Analysis » Benchmarking » Rating » Limitations » Future Steps

3. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Why Buildings? Building sector accounts for 29% of total electricity consumption in India

4. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Commercial Electricity Consumption Source: CEA 2009 Commercial sector accounts for 8% of total electricity consumption in India

5. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Growth of Electricity Consumption in Commercial Sector in India SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009). Commercial building sector electricity consumption growing at 12-14% annually on average

6. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Electricity Scenario in India Source: Central Electricity Authority General Review 2006 & 2009 and Planning Commission’s Integrated Energy Policy Report 2006 Linear Projection

7. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Commercial Floor Space Projection for India Source: USAID ECO- III Project * Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth

8. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Growth in the Indian Building Sector Year: 2010 Yet to be built 659 million m 2 Year: 2030 * Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth 1,900 million m 2 Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast » Currently, ~ 659 million m 2 (USAID ECO-III Internal Estimate Using MOSPI, CEA and Benchmarked Energy Use data) » In 2030,~ 1,900 million m 2 (estimated) * 66% building stock is yet to be constructed Source: USAID ECO- III Project

9. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Green Building / EE Instruments in India » Green building / EE instruments in India: Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED India) Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) » All based on design intent rather than actual, verified performance » Not designed to rate energy performance through a systematic evaluation and award scheme » Do not provide defendable energy consumption targets for new buildings, based on contextual data

10. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Challenges » Little or no reliable data available in public domain – on actual energy consumption in different types of commercial buildings » No systematic data collection and analysis of building energy data » Limited scope to compare individual building performance against peers » Limited understanding about what are the significant parameters influencing the energy consumption in a building » Limited understanding on the role of energy efficiency professionals, statisticians, public and private sector organizations (data providers)

11. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. What is Energy Benchmarking ? » Energy Benchmarking is a relatively simple, low-cost method for evaluating a buildings energy performance Initial cost/effort of designing the program and collecting and analyzing data may seem high but it can pay big time in the long run » Benchmarks are commonly used in other industries Autos – km/liter Industrial Output – kWh/unit produced » Building Level Benchmarks: kWh/m 2 /Year, kWh/person/year, etc. » System Level Benchmarks: Watts/m 2, etc.

12. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benefits of Benchmarking » Designers, Owners and Users Designers/ESCOs – Building performance targets for new and existing buildings Owners/Users – Measure the performance of their buildings Building portfolio managers can compare the performance of individual facilities to others » Building Developers and operators Helps to assess the potential savings Use of appropriate products and technologies » Policy Makers Reward/Incentivize exemplary building performance and penalize /discourage poor building performance Starting Point for Energy Audits and Building Retrofits

13. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benefits of Benchmarking – Indian Context » Introduce Sanity in Building Energy Audit Process No need to start with “Investment Grade Audits” Help in developing a graduated response to building performance issues » Provide a Framework for Meeting ECBC Related Stipulations in the EC Act Help in quantifying energy savings from ECBC » Can be Used to Provide Performance Briefs to Design Teams System-Level Benchmarking Needed » Can be Used as the Basis for Existing Building Rating Programs

14. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Use of Benchmark Numbers » Building Level Benchmarks – First Step, Less Costly Energy consumption per employee in an office Energy consumption per bed in a hospital Energy consumption per room in a hotel » System Level Benchmarks – Requires Metering Infrastructure, More Costly and Data-Intensive Lighting System: 5 Watts/m 2 Equipment Power: 10 Watts/m 2 HVAC System: 50 m 2 /Ton of Refrigeration; 25 Watts/m 2 Chilled and Condenser water pumps: 10 Watts/GPM Air Handling Unit: 0.75 Watts/CFM

15. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Milestones – Benchmarking Exercise Formation of Technical Steering Committee Design of the Standardized Form for Data Collection First Round of Data Collection from ECO-III Project Launch of Star Rating for Office Buildings Data Collection for BPO, Hotel, Hospitals by ICMQ Launch of BPO Building Star Rating Scheme November 2008 December 2008 Jan - March 2009 March 2009 Apr- Sept 2009 Jan 2010 Development of Multivariate Regression Model and Recommendations for Improving Star Rating Program Feb -June 2010 System Level Data Collection & Benchmarking Ongoing

16. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Standardized Form for Data Collection

17. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking: Macro Analysis – Building Population N=760 N=861

18. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking – Preliminary Analysis Averages for different commercial buildings (Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project) Number of Buildings Building Type Floor Area (m 2 ) Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) Benchmarking Indices OFFICE BUILDINGSkWh/m2/year kWh/m2/hour 145One shift Buildings16,71620,92,364149 0.068 55Three shifts Buildings31,22688,82,824349 0.042 88Public Sector Buildings15,79918,38,331115 0.045 224Private Sector Buildings28,33544,98,942258 0.064 10Green Buildings8,38215,89,508141 - HOSPITALSkWh/m 2 /year kWh/bed/year 128Multi-specialty Hospitals8,72124,53,060378 13,890 22Government Hospitals19,85913,65,06688 2,009 HOTELSkWh/m 2 /year kWh/room/year 89 Luxury Hotels (4 and 5 Star) 19,13648,65,711279 24,110 SHOPPING MALLSkWh/m2/year kWh/m2/hour 101Shopping Malls10,51623,40,939252 0.05642

19. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Types of Benchmarking » Point Based Rating » Raw Data Visualization Method » Regression Based Statistical Method » Simulation & Model Based Approaches » Hierarchical End Use Metrics » Other methods include energy audits, domain expert knowledge, etc.

20. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Why Regression Based Rating and Why Not Simple EPI Based Rating? » Simple EPI based rating does not take into account Physical characteristics Location characteristics Operating characteristics Regression based methodology: Energy consumption of a benchmarked building = function (Building use, physical, operational and location characteristics).

21. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating 1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building log(kwh) = c 0. + c 1. climate + c 2. log(%ac) + c 3. log(bua) + c 4. log(hrs) + c 5. log(emp) 2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building (BPI) BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building 3. Compare candidate buildings’ BPI to other buildings and assign score to the performance differential

22. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking: Regression Concept » Benchmarked building: A building that is similar to the candidate building in terms of its use, location, operation characteristics based on our current knowledge about the national building stock » Estimated energy use by the benchmarked building = function (building type, physical, operational and location characteristics). » Issues: Functional form, Variable transformation, Estimation method, …

23. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking: Regression Analysis Note: natural log of all continuous variables is used in the graph Kw H %ac. BuA Hrs.. Em p KwH Energy Use %ac % Conditioned Space BuA Built up Area Hrs Hours of Operation Emp # Workers

24. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. log(kwh) = c 0. + c 1. climate + c 2. log(%ac) + c 3. log(bua) + c 4. log(hrs) + c 5. log(emp) Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 3.25353 0.93575 3.477 0.000629 *** Climate:Hot & Dry -0.33754 0.20305 -1.662 0.098100. Climate:Temperate 0.04821 0.14611 0.330 0.741815 Climate:Warm & Humid 0.13827 0.11501 1.202 0.230785 log(%ac) 0.44334 0.07272 6.096 5.98e-09 *** log(bua) 0.77891 0.06108 12.753 < 2e-16 *** log(hrs) 0.25989 0.10383 2.503 0.013160 * log(emp) 0.29468 0.07165 4.113 5.83e-05 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 0.6869 on 189 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.8516, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8461 F-statistic: 155 on 7 and 189 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16 Benchmarking: Regression Estimation Base Climate: Composite

25. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking User Input Calculated values Select Building TypeOfficeEPI (kWh/m 2 )70 Built up area (m 2 )2,000 Annual Electricity Purchased (kWh)100,000 Annual Electricity Generated (kWh)40,000 Select Climate zoneHot and Dry Hours per day12 Total Annual Electricity Consumed140,000 Days per Week5 Percent conditioned space0.75Average Energy Consumed by a Similar Benchmarked Building 214,718 Total number of employees150

26. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating Building Performance Index (BPI) = Energy consumed by the benchmarked building Actual Energy Consumed BPI < 1 Efficient Bldgs. BPI > 1 Inefficient Bldgs.

27. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating Performance Percentile

28. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. BPIPercentileBPIPercentileBPIPercentileBPIPercentileBPIPercentile 0.14 10.621 0.92 411.29611.8381 0.19 20.6222 0.94 421.31621.8682 0.23 30.6323 0.95 431.33631.983 0.26 40.6524 0.97 441.35641.9584 0.29 50.6725 0.99 451.37651.9985 0.31 6 0.68 261.01461.4662.0486 0.34 7 0.7 271.02471.42672.0987 0.36 8 0.71 281.04481.44682.1488 0.38 9 0.73 291.06491.47692.289 0.4 10 0.7430 1.0850 1.49 702.2690 0.42 11 0.76 311.09511.52712.3391 0.44 12 0.78 321.11521.54722.4192 0.46 13 0.79 331.13531.57732.4993 0.48 14 0.81 341.15541.6742.5994 0.5 15 0.82 351.17551.6375 2.71 95 0.52 16 0.84 361.19561.6676 2.85 96 0.53 17 0.86 371.21571.6977 3.02 97 0.55 18 0.87 381.23581.7278 3.27 98 0.57 19 0.89 391.25591.7679 3.68 99 0.58 20 0.91 401.27601.7980Inf100 Performance Based Rating

29. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating 1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building log(kwh) = c 0. + c 1. climate + c 2. log(%ac) + c 3. log(bua) + c 4. log(hrs) + c 5. log(emp) 2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building (BPI) BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building 3. Compare candidate buildings’ BPI to other buildings and assign score to the performance differential

30. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Factors influencing the energy consumption Building typeIndependent variables  Built up area  Hours of operation  Percent conditioned space  Number of employees  Climate  Built up area  Number of beds  Small / Large category  Climate  Built up area  Number of rooms  Climate

31. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating EPIPercentile ~ 82 25% 132 50% 200 ~ 75% Building TypeOffice Built up area (m 2 )2,000 Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh)100,000 Annual Elec. Generated (kWh)40,000 Select Climate zoneHot and Dry Hours per day12 Days per Week5 Percent conditioned space0.75 Total number of employees150

32. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating EPIPercentile ~ 72 25% 116 50% 175 ~ 75% Dynamic! Building TypeOffice Built up area (m 2 )2,000 Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh)100,000 Annual Elec. Generated (kWh)40,000 Select Climate zoneHot and Dry Hours per day12 Days per Week5 Percent conditioned space0.75 Total number of employees150

33. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Current Limitations » Data related issues Additional questions in the survey Information that is difficult to collect Data credibility » Estimation related issues Multi collinearity (e.g. built up area and number of users) » Impact of climate » Geographical scope » Program filters

34. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Next Steps » Collecting and analyzing system level energy consumption data » Development of system level benchmarks » Using benchmarked data To design higher performing new buildings To introduce operational efficiency in existing buildings » Institutionalize data collection and analysis process » Refinement of rating programs for existing buildings Keep it simple but make it more rigorous Reduce the possibility of gaming the system

35. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Next Steps » From score to labels » Web based administration » Periodic survey Balanced coverage: Climate, Geography, Building types, Sample size, Program filters Additional data: Year of construction, Utility bills averaged over at least 2 years, Occupancy by shifts, Envelop characteristics, System / Equipment load, etc. while ensuring data reliability and credibility!

36. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Future Direction » Continuous monitoring and performance evaluation » Move from site to source energy » System level benchmarking

37. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Concluding Remarks » Transparent, Rigorous, Versatile, and Extensible System » Initial stage of development » Continuous technical and administrative support required for administration

38. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. » USAID India » Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) » ICMQ and LBNL » Analysis Team: Saket Sarraf, Madhav Kamath, Aalok Deshmukh, Satish Kumar, Sanjay Seth, Sameer Pandita Acknowledgements

39. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Thank You Contact Information Aalok Deshmukh Manager: Energy Efficiency Solutions USAID ECO-III Project Phone: +91 11 2685 3110 E-mail: adeshmukh (at) irgssa (dot) com URL: www.eco3.org

40. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Energy Intensity Level for different Building Types

41. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Office Buildings Min: 81 Max: 12396 Mean: 2642 Median:2239 SD: 2171

42. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Hospitals Median= 12,665 kWh Min:1533 Max: 50948 Mean:13890 Median:12665 SD:9200

43. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Min:893 Max: 59375 Mean: 18294 Median:15872 SD: 13195 Luxury Hotels

44. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Building Types, Eligibility and Program Filters Methodology: Building types > Data summary > Benchmarking > Rating > Validation TypeMedian EPI Hospital289 Hotel245 Office172 (kWh/m 2 /yr)

45. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Office Buildings: Summary Climatic Zones# Observations Cold3 Composite126 Hot & Dry21 Temperate47 Warm & Humid123 Building sub-type# Observations BPO91 Others229 OwnershipObservations Public89 Private231 VariablesMedian Min Max mWh / year1,4211248,924 % Cond Space0.7501 Built Area (m 2 )7,06070578,600 Operation Hrs4,1712,0088,760 # Employees5501213,000 EPI (kWh/m 2 /yr)193171,800 Methodology: Building types > Data summary > Benchmarking > Rating > Validation

46. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Office Buildings: EPI (KwH/m 2 /year) Methodology: Building types > Data summary > Benchmarking > Rating > Validation EPI (All) EPI (Private and Public Buildings)

47. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Office Buildings: EPI Methodology: Building types > Data summary > Benchmarking > Rating > Validation

48. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Office Buildings: EPI per Hour Methodology: Building types > Data summary > Benchmarking > Rating > Validation

49. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Concept of Energy Equivalence Matrix 1.8 million typical Urban Homes (1.7 thousand kWh per year) One typical Thermal Power Plant (Capacity of 600 MW=3.09 billion kWh ) 1500 typical Office Buildings (2 million kWh per building per year) = = = 0.689 million typical Cars

50. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Energy or Carbon? Primary Energy Use1 Lakh (100,000) Cars =3.58 Lakh Homes CO 2 Emission 1 Lakh (100,000) Cars =76,000 Homes ~ 5 times variation Selection of Reporting Metric Can Alter the Results Significantly

51. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Objectives and Guiding Principles » Objective A rating scheme based on actual performance rather than design intent and contextual data » Guiding Principles Evaluate energy performance for whole building Reflect actual billed energy data Provide comparison mechanism among peer groups Account for operational characteristics of the building and not penalize for higher levels of service and amenities Provide a simple metric to evaluate and communicate building energy performance between owners, occupants, lenders, appraisers, and energy product and service community

52. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Approach » Point based rating » Raw data » Regression and Distribution » Simulation and Model » Hierarchical End Use Metrics

53. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking and Rating Methodology 1. Building Types, Eligibility and Program Filters 2. Data Summary 3. Benchmarking 4. Rating 5. Process Validation

54. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking and Rating Methodology 1. Building Types, Eligibility and Program Filters 2. Data Summary 3. Benchmarking 4. Rating 5. Process Validation

55. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Office Buildings: EPI per Hour and Climate

56. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking: Regression for All Building Types Office p value Hospitals p value Hotels p value Intercept3.25 0.00 9.11 0.00 5.14 0.00 Built up Area0.78 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.87 0.00 Hours0.26 0.01 # Workers0.29 0.00 % AC0.44 0.00 # Beds0.18 0.03 Subtype: Small-5.53 0.00 Subtype: Small x Built up Area 0.66 0.00 # Rooms0.28 0.00 Subtype: Non luxury -0.01 0.90 Climate Cold not included base Compositebase-0.10 0.42 0.23 0.19 Hot & Dry-0.34 0.09 0.11 0.37 0.21 0.26 Temperate0.05 0.74 0.31 0.02 0.08 0.68 Warm & Humid0.14 0.23 0.00 0.97 0.19 0.29 Adjusted R-squared0.85 0.90 0.85 Notes: natural log of all continuous variables

57. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking and Rating Methodology 1. Building Types, Eligibility and Program Filters 2. Data Summary 3. Benchmarking 4. Rating 5. Process Validation

58. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating Building Performance Index (BPI) = Energy consumed by the benchmarked building Actual Energy Consumed BPI < 1 Efficient Bldgs. BPI > 1 Inefficient Bldgs.

59. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Performance Based Rating BPI < 1 Efficient Bldgs. BPI > 1 Inefficient Bldgs.

60. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Benchmarking and Rating Methodology 1. Building Types, Eligibility and Program Filters 2. Data Summary 3. Benchmarking 4. Rating 5. Process Validation

61. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Process Validation Methodology: Building types > Data summary > Benchmarking > Rating > Validation

62. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22-24, 2010, Vienna, Austria. Future Direction » Continuous monitoring and Performance evaluation » Move from site to source energy » System level benchmarking Most of the ENERGY STAR rated buildings under US EPA “understandably use highly efficient equipment, they are most similar to the poorest performing buildings from a technology perspective” - Hicks and Von Neida (2005) Piette and Matson, 2005