1. Timed essay Discuss issues with the classification and diagnoses of depression (8 + 16 marks) 30 mins 8:40 – 9:10

2. Today Complete- Evaluation of Psychological treatments Intro to Biological Rhythms How to highlight- study skills for revision

3. 5 mins- Complete Psychotherapy Appropriateness/ Effectiveness Effectiveness Burnard- What does this suggest about the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression? If psychodynamic therapy does successfully treat depression, why does it work? Driessen et al (2013) What does this tell us about psychodynamic therapies for depression? Why may the findings of this study be considered internally valid? Appropriateness- P15 Can someone with depression really engage with this treatment? Explain your answer Some critics argue that this therapy causes emotional harm. Why might it do this and why could this be a particular problem for treating depression? How might the timescale of the therapy relate to whether it is an appropriate treatment for depression? (Complete for homework if unfinished- use the revision grid) P14

4. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Specification 1.Biological Rhythms- Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian and disruption of rhythms 2.Sleep- Stages, Lifespan changes, function of sleep 3.Sleep disorders- Explanations for disorder including insomnia, sleep walking and narcolepsy

5. Starter- Discuss What is sleep? What is a Biological Rhythm? What controls/changes our rhythms? What can effect sleep/ our biological rhythms?

6. Highlighting- Study skills Why? 1.We all highlight too much 2.Some of us do not benefit from reading text in class- struggle answering questions on an article without having to read the article out 3.It helps us become more critical- supporting our evaluation in essays 4.Prep and support for revision- an effective revision and memory strategy 5.Prep and support for university- you will be “reading” for a degree

7. Read the article Provide two examples of why highlighting is ineffective Provide two examples of how highlighting can be effective Do you want to use a highlighter?

8. The Best Approach Read an assigned text quickly -- for a general overview -- then go back and seek details. View yourself as a translator of the material, with your job being to translate the text into your own language Keep a pen or a pencil, not a highlighter, in your hand. Underline important passages and define terms through your own eyes Write notes, questions and reactions in the margins. When you read you should be having a conversation with the text. Don't let it do all the talking -- react to it. Your response helps you formulate the meaning of the text. Read actively.

9. Task Read the article and practice some effective highlighting/reading techniques You will then have to put the article away and answer some questions

10. Starter- Assessment on article Answer the following on MWB 1.What does the internal Circadian biological clock do? 2.Sleep occurs in which two states? 3.A circadian rhythm lasts how long? 4.What keeps our circadian rhythm in synch? 5.The use of devices before bed decreases what? How does this link to sleep? 6.List three symptoms of sleep apnea 7.What can sleep deprivation cause?

11. Intro to Biological Rhythms Circadian (latin circa= approximately, dian = 24 hrs) Ultradian (ultra= greater (they occur more than 24 hrs) (e.g sleep cycles) Infradian (infra= lower (occur less than every 24 hours) ( e.g menstrual cycle) Teach the other groups through creating a comic strip without any Text

12. Swap your posters Describe each stage on your new comic strip Hand back to the original group for marking

13. Circadian rhythms These are rhythms that last 24 hours, such as the sleep wake cycle. Our bodies have many other circadian rhythms, such as temperature regulation and bowel regulation.

14. Make three suggestions/recommendations based on the following Consider- learning, exercise, sport, eating, managing stress medication/treatment

15. Pacemakers and zeitgebers (givers) Endogenous pacemakers are a biological factor inside you (hormones) that sets your rhythm Exogenous zeitgebers are things that are outside of your body, so external to you, that set your rhythm (light)

16. Starter Using the following terms. Write up the outline for Circadian Rhythms and sleep Endogenous Pacemaker Internal Exogenous Zeitgebers light Melatonin Superchiasmatic nucleus Pineal Gland Temperature

17. Grounding Group task Get into groups- team name? Must relate to sleep I am going to show you a picture related to a piece of research You must find the study on page 5 that links To get the points you must explain the study and provide a full grounding Bonus points for any relevant/useful evaluation you can consider Independently- you must be grounding the research in your packs P5

18. 100 -200 mins

19. 24.9

20. 20 hrs

21. 25 hrs

22. 22 %

23. Are you a Morning Lark or Night owl? What does this suggest about Circadian rhythm onset? Morningness - Eveningness Scale Definitely morning type..........32 - 28 Moderately morning type.......27 - 23 Indifferent..........................22 - 16 Moderately evening type........15 - 11 Definitely evening type............10 - 6

24. Evaluation- Individual differences Duffy et al. (2000) found that morning people prefer to rise early and go to bed early (about 6.00 am and 10.00 pm), whereas evening people prefer to wake and go to bed later (10.00 am and 1.00 am). Czeisler et al (1999) found that circadian cycles in different people can vary from 13 to 65 hours.

25. Appropriate IDA? Hint- Can we change our cycles?

26. IDA Choose 2. On whiteboards- bullet point a plan of a paragraph for this IDA point 1.Nature vs nurture 2.Free will/determinism, 3.Reductionism 4. Use of animals in research 5. Ethics Things to consider when elaborating- Individual differences not explained/ kind of explained by theory Practical applications of theory - drug treatments, disruption to patterns, studying, use of technology Support for the theory- validity

27. Nature vs Nurture or Determinism Point- A mixture of environmental and biological determinism interact to control circadian rhythms this suggests nature and nurture both play a part. Explain- This is because we have evidence that our circadian rhythms are controlled by endogenous i.e. biological factors, however as exogenous Zeitgebers (for instance light) can have an impact on these rhythms; there is an element of the environment also. So the theory is an interaction of the two So what? This suggests sleep can be disrupted by both internal and external factors. This has useful applications when considering the disruption of rhythms and the impact of this on an individual. For example this explains how shift work can negatively effect biological rhythms which can result in more serious health problems such as increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Problem with this? As both nature and nurture are impacting rhythms it may however be difficult to isolate the primary cause of the disruption. It also is hard to explain why the disruption of rhythms can vary between individuals.

28. Practical Applications Sleep Hygiene Use of devises Taking of medication/treatment Work/study schedules Fitness/ sport regime

29. Sancar (2009) What could the implications of this study be? Sancar and his colleagues studied the behavior of the repair machinery in cerebrum or brain tissue of mice over the course of a day, and found that the ability to repair damage was at a minimum in the early morning and reached a maximum in the evening hours. They then looked at each of the six components that make up the repair machinery and found that the levels of one of them – the enzyme XPA – rose and fell in synchrony with the oscillations of the circadian clock. Thus, the researchers demonstrated that the cell's ability to repair damage is linked to the circadian clock, and that this daily oscillation is ultimately due to changes in the levels of one particular enzyme at different times of day.

30. Chronotherapeutics - the study of how timing (chronos) affects drug treatments (therapy). Since the circadian rhythm affects digestion, heart rate, hormone secretions and other functions, this should be taken into account when taking drugs. For example, medications that act on certain hormones may have no effect if taken when target hormone levels are low but are fully effective if taken when levels are high.

31. Sancar (2009) He also would like to see his findings being used for cancer prevention. Because the enzyme Sancar identified also repairs damage caused by sunlight, he plans to determine if the repair capacity in human skin changes as a function of the time of day. "If we show the same patterns in humans as we did in mice, then it could tell us when would be the safest time to be in the sun (2 p.m. to 6 p.m.), and when would be the best time to avoid sun exposure (6 a.m. to 10 a.m.)," Sancar said. "The new information could help us prevent skin cancers."

32. How could the following effect circadian rhythms? Close your packs 1.Jet Lag 2.Shift work Use the following terms Zeitgebers, internal and external, disrupts,