1. Areas covered Role of valuations and valuer Definitions of market value, price and worth Five methods of commercial property valuation – Applications – Methodology – Approach

2. Week 1 Definitions, concepts and bases

3. Rationale What are valuations or appraisals? Why is there a demand for valuations? Why is there a (growing) demand for analysis of worth or Investment Value?

4. Definitions Price - exchange value Value – exchange or use value Worth – Individual – Market Valuation - prediction of exchange price

5. “The estimated amount for which a property should exchange on the date of the valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s-length transaction after property marketing wherein the parties has each acted knowledgeably, prudently and without compulsion” Market Value

6. Role of valuations Financial reporting and legal/statutory requirements Lending Transaction related Performance measurement Insurance

7. Global definition of Investment Value The value of the property to a particular investor, or class of investors, for identified investment objectives.

8. Role of Investment Value calculations Buy/sell/hold decisions Identifying over or underpricing Choosing between competing assets ‘Customising’ investment analysis to specific circumstances of the investor

9. Key Points Distinction between price and worth Valuers’ role has been concerned with price. Increasing demand for analysis of prices and calculations of worth Market worth - based upon the assumption that there is mis-pricing in the commercial property market

10. The Five Methods of Valuation Applications - when are they used? Methodologies - how are they used? Limitations - what are the problems with using them? NB - read recommended texts in conjunction with the notes Will be further developed in Year 2

11. The five methods The investment or income method The residual method The comparison method The contractors or cost method The profits or accounts method NB - they are not mutually exclusive

12. Comparison Approach Used for the rental valuation of many types of commercial properties (in UK). Used for the valuation of residential property (in UK). Often used as a ‘check’ on other methods. Globally - is most widely used for all types of property. Arguably most valuation methods have strong elements of comparison.

13. Methodology Market transactions (deals) provide evidence of prevailing values. This evidence is then applied to the subject property. Appropriate adjustments are made where required. What does heterogeneity imply?

14. Limitations Data Availability Confidentiality Quality Timing Retrospective Overvaluation/underval uation Relevance Heterogeneity Adjustment Subjective Inconsistency ‘Rules of thumb’

15. Residual approach Land - with development potential Buildings with redevelopment potential Incorporated into methods which require a land valuation

16. Methodology Calculate value of development Calculate cost of development - including profit as a cost Difference is the remainder that is available for the purchase of land.

17. Limitations There is substantial uncertainty about the level of costs and revenues Techniques commonly used have some technical weaknesses However, these technical weaknesses may not matter. Why?

18. Investment method Derived from mainstream finance. Focus on the income. Value of an asset reflects the present value of future income flows. Used for commercial properties which generate a rental income. Most important method.

19. Methodology A number of variants. Basic approach - apply a capitalisation rate to income stream Rents are set in the lease or obtained from market evidence Yields or capitalisation rates are obtained from sales We’ll see that the cap rate or yield is really a multiplier.

20. Limitations Similar to comparison approach Relies on market evidence Retrospective Uniqueness Availability

21. Contractors method No market Specialist purpose built Operational purposes Unusual - one off Insurance US - a mainstream method Examples Oil refinery Church Library Sports Centre Fire station Hospital

22. Methodology Cost of rebuilding plus Cost of land minus Depreciation equals Existing use value See Red Book definition

23. Limitations Inputs are difficult to calculate Apart from costs data Land value? Depreciation?

24. Profits Method Business and property are closely linked Hotels/PFS/Restaurants/Cinemas/Pubs Income payable is a function of the profitability of the occupying business. Income is capitalised to give a capital value.

25. Methodology Rent = Gross Profit - (Net Profit + Tenant Allowance) Gross Profit = Gross earnings less purchases Net profit = Gross profit less operating expenses Tenant Allowance = Tenant’s salary, interest on tenants investment and risk allowance Capital value = Rent/ capitalisation rate

26. Limitations Retrospective - historic accounts. May be misleading or inaccurate. Trading performance issue. Subjective. Controversial. Alternative approaches increasingly used

27. Key Points There is an important distinction between price and worth A valuation is an attempt to estimate market price A calculation of worth can be used to analyse this price There are five methods of estimating price or market value