1. Increased Labor Supply 2) The American population more than doubled from 1860 – 1890 (31 million to 71 million) 3) The flood of immigration fueled population growth and greatly increased the labor supply for industrial factory work

2. The “Old Immigrants” (Pre-1871) 1)Prior to 1870, most immigrants came to America from Northern and Western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden)

3. “New Immigrants” (1870 – 1920) 1) In the next 50 years (1870 – 1920) most immigrants would come from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary, and the former Yugoslavia)

4. The Explosion in Immigration (1870 – 1920) 3) Immigration from China and Japan also drastically increased during this time

5. All came to get a better life for themselves than they had in their former country.

6. Ellis Island The flood of Immigrants was so strong that the government had to establish the Ellis Island facility in New York Harbor to organize and control immigration into the United States

10. Ellis Island 12 million immigrants arrived between 1892 and 1943

11. Angel Island Located in San Francisco Harbor Was designed to deal with the flow of immigrants from Asia Conditions inside were not very friendly to immigrants

13. Immigrants and Industrial employment Immigrants would often fill the lower wage industrial jobs and they often worked in very dangerous and life threatening conditions for up to 14 hours a day

14. Feelings of Nativism and Xenophobia led to discrimination against many immigrants.

15. Nativism When current residents fear the arrival of new immigrants 1) Americans feared that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than Americans 2) Americans were also discriminated on the basis of cultural and religious reasons (Jews, etc)

16. Xenophobia Fear and contempt of strangers or foreign peoples.

17. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Americans in California began to attack Chinese immigrants because they took jobs for lower wages This caused Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

18. “Gentleman’s Agreement” An informal agreement between Japan and the US where Japan agreed to not issue passports for its citizens to come to the US. This eliminated immigration from Japan.

19. Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 Set quotas on the number of people from certain countries allowed to enter the US. Motivated by nativism, racism and fear, these laws effectively cut off most immigration to America for the next several decades

21. The Growth of Cities (1865-1914) As the nation’s industrial growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg, and New York grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers

22. The Growth of Cities (1865-1914) Factories in the large cities provided jobs but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions crowded into tenements and slums in the city

23. “Urbanization” The process where people move from rural areas into the cities. –Often seeking jobs

24. “Movin’ on up” Upward Mobility –The belief that it is possible to easily move from a lower social class to a higher class. –Example – “The Jefferson's”

25. There were many well-publicized examples of “rags to riches” stories, which caused the idea of upward mobility to become part of the American cultural landscape. =

27. The Melting Pot A metaphor where all of the different cultures, races, religions, etc. mixed to form a multi- ethnic society.

28. Public Schools Causes people of different cultures to interact at an early age. All races, religions, etc. allowed.