1. Lesson 7 Using Soils and Growing Media Reminder: student learning activities are at the end of this power point.

2. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! MS ‐ ESS1 ‐ 4 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history. MS ‐ ESS2 ‐ 2. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales. MS ‐ ESS2 ‐ 3. Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

3. Agriculture, Food and Natural Resource Stanards Addressed! PS.01.02. Prepare and manage growing media for use in plant system’s. Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess students’ attainment of knowledge and skills related to the above performance indicator. The topics represented by each strand are not all- encompassing. PS.01.02.01.a. Identify the major components of growing media and describe how growing media support plant growth.

4. Bell Work! Identify the components of soil and soilless media. Describe the differences between soil- based and soilless media. Identify the elements involved in the formation of soil. Describe the process of soil sterilization.

5. Terms Growing media Hydroponics Parent material Perlite Soil Soilless media Topography Vegetation Vermiculite Weathering

6. Interest Approach Analyze the various soil media, have you seen any of the media in use locally. What types of plants were being grown in the media? What was the condition of the plants?

7. Growing media and functions Growing media provides a means by which plants anchor themselves and obtain nutrients. Soil is the most common growing media.

8. Soil Soil is the outermost layer of the earth’s crust that provides nutrients for plant growth. There are 16 essential elements for plant growth. Plants obtain 13 of these nutrients directly from the soil

9. Soilless media A substance in which plants are grown that contains no topsoil. Examples include: Vermiculite Perlite Tree bark Hydroponics

10. Vermiculite Composed of heat-treated mica. Mica is a soft, chalk-like rock that aids in aeration and water holding capacity. This lightweight material is mined in the U.S. and Africa. It may be found in the Roswell and Shiprock Areas of NM.

11. Perlite Volcanic rock that has been crushed and heated to 1800°F. Perlite is most often used as a substitute for sand and can be rather costly. Adding perlite to growing media increases its drainage and aeration.

12. Tree bark Before using tree bark as a growing media, it should first be composted. Some tree barks contain compounds that can be harmful to certain plants; by composting, this material is broken down.

13. Hydroponics Growing plants without the use of a solid growing media.

14. Hydroponics Instead of soil, a nutrient solution is used to provide the plant with needed nutrients. These nutrient solutions can be bought from supply stores. In a hydroponics system, a means for anchoring and supporting the plants must be developed.

15. Comparing soilless and soil media It is important to understand that one is not always superior to the other. There are certain conditions in which one may be more advantageous than the other. The main difference between soil and soilless media is that soilless media contains no soil.

16. Disadvantages of soil media Soil can vary in structure and texture across our state. Our best soils are located in the river valleys. Soil can be very costly to ship because of its weight.

17. Disadvantages of soil media Soil must be mixed to compensate for lacking materials; soilless media can be purchased ready to use. Soil that is not sterilized contains weed seeds, insect eggs and disease organisms. Sterilizing soil involves both equipment and labor costs which add to the total cost.

18. Disadvantages of soilless media Soilless media can become very costly if it is the only growing media utilized. Soilless media may not be readily available from local sources.

19. Soil sterilizer. You can bake it in the oven but it smells quite bad!

20. Three methods of sterilizing soil Steaming- heating of the soil to 180°F and steaming at this temperature for 30 minutes. Chemical- the use of chemical sprays, fumigants, or dry formulations of pesticides to kill off harmful organisms that might be in the soil. Electrical- the use of an autoclave that is used on small amounts of soil. This method is very costly and only effective on small samples of soil.

21. How is soil formed? All soil begins as solid rock. Through the processes of erosion and weathering, it is broken down into smaller pieces and eventually into soil. There are several factors that influence how soil is formed.

22. Factors affecting soil formation: Parent Material Time Climate Vegetation Topography

23. Parent Material The original materials from which soil is developed!

24. Time Time is important in the soil forming process because it occurs over a long period. The longer the material has been exposed to weathering the more broken down it will be.

25. Climate Climate is a factor in soil formation. Freezing and thawing, rainfall, and other factors influence the breakdown of rock. If plants cannot grow because of cold or hot temperatures, there will not be any organic matter added to the soil.

26. Vegetation Vegetation or the amount of plants growing in an area is important because it influences how much organic matter is added to the soil. Areas that have increased vegetation will have darker soil due to higher organic matter content.

27. Topography Topography refers to the slope or the characteristics of the land. The slope of the land will affect how much water will pass through certain areas of the soil and how much erosion of topsoil occurs.

28. Processes of soil formation Heating and cooling of soil causes the soil to expand and contract. Heating and cooling are two types of weathering. Weathering is the breakdown of the original material by natural forces.

29. Two types of weathering Physical weathering includes wind, water, plant roots, ice, or gravity. Chemical weathering is the breakdown of soil materials by chemical reactions between the rock and other elements in the environment.

30. Other processes of soil formation Forces of water and wind also aid in the soil formation process. Both factors cause rock to be worn away a little at a time. The force of water in streams, rivers, and oceans also cause rocks to hit one another and break into smaller pieces.

31. The End! NEXT: Student Learning Activities

32. Sample tests are available in the Lesson Plan tab.

33. Name: _____________________________ Answer the following questions about plant nutrition 1.How do nutrients enter plants? _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2.What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3.Why is magnesium important to plant? _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4.Why are root hairs important to plant? _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

34. Name: ______________________ Fill in the table with the influence/ function for the 16 essential plant nutrients.

35. KEY

36. Have each student pick one of the 16 essential nutrients that plants need to survive. Students should research their element and create some kind of display. It can be a power point, poster, or any other kind of display they can come up with. Students should then present their element, teaching the class all that they learned. Each presentation should be 2-3 minuets long, or longer if you would like.