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Our planet’s environment consists of complex networks of interlinked systems THE BIG IDEA:

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Presentation on theme: "Our planet’s environment consists of complex networks of interlinked systems THE BIG IDEA:"— Presentation transcript:

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2 Our planet’s environment consists of complex networks of interlinked systems THE BIG IDEA:

3 Abiotic factors= nonliving parts of an organism’s environment Ex. temperature, moisture, light, and soil Biotic factors= all living organisms that inhabit an environment Ex. marsh grass, shrubs, bacteria, plankton, birds, etc PARTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

4 VOCABULARY BiosphereOrganisms & their habitats EcosystemAbiotic + Biotic factors + interactions Communitymultiple interacting species in the same area PopulationA species living in the same area -ex. Population of tortoises living in the Mojave Desert

5 VOCABULARY Ecosystem Ecology Patterns, such as energy and nutrient flow, revealed by studying living and nonliving components of systems Community Ecology Interactions among species; one-to-one interactions as well as complex interrelationships Population Biology The quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a species interact with one another

6 ECO-COLUMN

7 THE ABIOTIC COMPONENTS OF A BIOME Temp & temp range pH Salinity Fire Wind Conditions: not used up Water / moisture Space N, P, O, S, C Light Resources: can be used up

8 The cycling of matter is exceptionally important for moving materials from the biotic to the abiotic portions of the biosphere Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, & Sulfur cycles These are elements/compounds that organisms consume and require for survival

9 SYSTEM: COMPONENTS THAT INTERACT WITH & INFLUENCE ONE ANOTHER THROUGH THE EXCHANGE OF ENERGY, MATTER, OR INFORMATION Biogeochemical cycles

10 Specialist species Narrow niches Use specific resources These species are more likely to become Endangered if their habitat or resources change/are threatened However…they can be successful over evolutionary time by being extremely good at the things they do Generalist species Broad niches Can tolerate a range of conditions Use a variety of resources Can become pests/invasive species But…they may not thrive as well as a specialist in any one situation TYPES OF SPECIES

11 Zone of physiolocal stress Zone of physiolocal stress Zone Of intolerance Zone Of intolerance Tolerance Curves

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13 ♦ Tolerance Limits: maximum & minimum values that encompass an organism’s ability to survive. Usually determined by multiple factors Ex. mineral content of soil, temp extremes, amount of precipitation ♦ Optimal range: set of conditions that result in abundant numbers of the species ♦ Zone of intolerance: range of conditions that will result in death of even the most hearty of the species TOLERANCE LIMITS

14 LICHENS: A MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALGAE & FUNGUS Lichens are great in harsh environments; They often start out new communities by growing on rocks and secreting chemicals that break down the rock, creating soil for other plants to grow in.

15 Habitat – the place where an organism lives out its life. ● C onsists of living & nonliving factors Niche – all the physical, chemical, & biological conditions that a particular species needs to live & reproduce within the ecosystem EACH SPECIES HAS A ROLE WITHIN THE COMMUNITY…. The remaining fragmented habitats of the African Elephant

16 ♦ Animals may occupy the same habitat but have different niches ♦ Factors that distinguish one niche from another include temperature, oxygen content, type of food resources available, etc. (controlled by abiotic & biotic factors) EACH SPECIES HAS A ROLE WITHIN THE COMMUNITY….

17 Fundamental Niche The full niche of a species Realized Niche An individual that plays only part of its role because of competition or species interaction It is the portion of its fundamental niche that is actually filled TYPE OF NICHES

18 ♦ States that 2 organisms cannot occupy the same niche for an indefinite period without one eventually migrating, dying, or undergoing resource partitioning… ♦ Resource partitioning: use of the resource in a slightly different way or at a different time to allow both species to use the same resource LAW OF COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

19 Niches can be affected by competition: The arrival of the exotic lizard species, the Cuban brown anole, has displaced the native green Carolina anole in parts of Florida. The Cuban anole resides close to the ground, and the green anole lives in the upper layers of vegetation instead of the entire vegetated area that they would occupy if the Cuban anole was not there.

20 Exploitation: when one member exploits another for its own gain Intraspecific: among individuals within a population Interspecific: between different species TYPES OF COMPETITION

21 Predator/Prey Systems Species interactions

22 When animals feed on plant tissue Herbivory usually doesn’t kill a plant outright but may affects its growth and reproduction HERBIVORY

23 MIMICRY ♦ Predators feed upon prey species ♦ Predators rely on strong sense of smell, speed, or stealth to catch their prey ♦ Prey has a variety of mechanisms to avoid predation, like camouflage (blend into environment or look like species that are toxic), noxious taste, spines/thorns, & speed VICEROY MONARCH

24 Symbiosis: relationship between 2 organisms. Mutualism Commensalism AmensalismParasitism interaction where both benefit (+/+) where one benefits & the other is neither harmed nor benefited (+/0) Where one is harmed & the other is neither harmed nor benefited (-/0) an organism that benefits from a relationship & the host is harmed by the relationship (+/-) Co-evolution: evolution occurring because species are exerting selective pressures on each other. Ex. Moths pollinating flowers that are strong smelling Ex. Coral polyps & algae Ex. Allelopathy by a plant Common parasites: ticks, mosquitos, tapeworms, flukes

25 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES ENERGY FLOW OCCURS IN FOOD CHAINS Energy flows in a one way direction Each link/level is called a trophic level – 1 st level: producers (photosynthesis) – 2 nd level: primary consumers (herbivores) – 3 rd level: secondary consumers (carnivores) Food web: interconnected food chains in an ecosystem

26 Most producers are photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun. In terrestrial ecosystem, plants are major producers In aquatic ecosystems, photosynthetic protists & bacteria are major producers Other types of producers perform chemosynthesis Bacteria use energy stored in inorganic molecules to produce carbohydrates PRODUCERS

27 PRODUCERS… Gross primary productivity (GPP): rate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis – Rainforest: highOpen ocean: low – Desert: lowEstuary/Wetland/Coral reef: high Net primary productivity (NPP): rate at which photosynthetic organisms make sugars minus the sugars used in cellular respiration required for the survival of the producer Number of creatures that can survive in an ecosystem depends on this NPP= GPP – cellular respiration NPP is what is available to move up the food chain

28 “community recyclers” Detritivores (invertebrates like earthworms) & decomposers (bacteria and fungus) consume nonliving organic matter, breaking it down into molecules that can be taken up and used by plants DECOMPOSERS

29 Notice the arrows are pointing to what EATS IT!

30 On average only 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels Producers only use 1% of the sun’s energy for photosynthesis!

31 THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PYRAMIDS

32 WHY ONLY 10% ENERGY TRANSFER? Some organisms are not eaten When an organism is eaten, the consumer cannot always break down all the organism’s molecules Ex. A cougar cannot extract energy from the antlers, hooves and hair of a deer The energy the prey used for cellular respiration cannot be used by predators to make new biomass (NPP= GPP- cellular respiration) No transformation of energy is ever 100% efficient 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics

33 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can be transformed from one form to another 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics** Whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy is degraded into heat (a less usable form that disperses into the environment) LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

34 Being a vegetarian rather than a meat eater decreases a person’s ecological footprint. Each amount of meat or animal product we eat requires an input of a considerably greater amount of plant material (& energy & H 2 O) IS IT BETTER TO EAT LOWER ON THE FOOD CHAIN?


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