1. POVERTY AND THE AFFECT ON CHILDREN IN THE U.S. ROBYN OLIPHANT SOCIOLOGY 1020 PROFESSOR DEIDRE TYLER E-PORTFOLIO

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS REFLECTION PAGE REFLECTION PAGE RESEARCH ARTICLE #1: CHILDREN, HUNGER AND POVERTY RESEARCH ARTICLE #1: CHILDREN, HUNGER AND POVERTY RESEARCH ARTICLE #2: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES RESEARCH ARTICLE #2: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES CHARTS: POVERTY IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES/ FAMILY STRUCTURES AFFECT ON POVERTY CHARTS: POVERTY IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES/ FAMILY STRUCTURES AFFECT ON POVERTY 5 QUICK FACTS: POVERTY 101 5 QUICK FACTS: POVERTY 101 BOOK REVIEW: A FRAMEWORK OF UNDERSTANDING POVERTY: A COGNITIVE APPROACH BOOK REVIEW: A FRAMEWORK OF UNDERSTANDING POVERTY: A COGNITIVE APPROACH CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

3. REFLECTION ON POVERTY THE BUSY LIFE OF AMERICA CAN TURN INTO A SOCIAL PROBLEM WITH IGNORING THINGS THAT WE DON’T VALUE AS IMPORTANT. DUE TO OUR BUSY LIFE STYLE IN AMERICA AND IGNORING CURRENT SOCIAL PROBLEMS THEY CONTINUE TO GROW INTO LARGER PROBLEMS. THE BUSY LIFE OF AMERICA CAN TURN INTO A SOCIAL PROBLEM WITH IGNORING THINGS THAT WE DON’T VALUE AS IMPORTANT. DUE TO OUR BUSY LIFE STYLE IN AMERICA AND IGNORING CURRENT SOCIAL PROBLEMS THEY CONTINUE TO GROW INTO LARGER PROBLEMS. THE SOCIAL PROBLEM OF POVERTY, AND THE POVERTY GAP IS INCREASING AND WE FIND MORE INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES BELOW THE POVERTY LINE. LESS WITH OUT JOBS, HOMES AND LIVING NECESSITIES. THE SOCIAL PROBLEM OF POVERTY, AND THE POVERTY GAP IS INCREASING AND WE FIND MORE INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES BELOW THE POVERTY LINE. LESS WITH OUT JOBS, HOMES AND LIVING NECESSITIES. THIS CAUSES THE PROBLEM TO CONTINUE TO GROW AND WE ARE LACKING RESOURCES TO HELP THESE INDIVIDUALS. DUE TO THIS THESE FAMILIES WHO ARE IN POVERTY NOW ARE SETTING THEIR CHILDREN UP TO CONTINUE IN POVERTY IN THEIR LIFE. THIS CAUSES THE PROBLEM TO CONTINUE TO GROW AND WE ARE LACKING RESOURCES TO HELP THESE INDIVIDUALS. DUE TO THIS THESE FAMILIES WHO ARE IN POVERTY NOW ARE SETTING THEIR CHILDREN UP TO CONTINUE IN POVERTY IN THEIR LIFE. AS THE TREND INCREASES THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS INCREASES AND THE HARDER IT IS TO OVERCOME POVERTY. ONCE IN THIS TRAP YOU TEND TO STAY THERE FOR YEARS ON END. POVERTY TAKES IT TOLLS NOT ONLY ON THE CURRENT FAMILY BUT ON THEIR FUTURE GENERATIONS. AS THE TREND INCREASES THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS INCREASES AND THE HARDER IT IS TO OVERCOME POVERTY. ONCE IN THIS TRAP YOU TEND TO STAY THERE FOR YEARS ON END. POVERTY TAKES IT TOLLS NOT ONLY ON THE CURRENT FAMILY BUT ON THEIR FUTURE GENERATIONS. SO IN TURN, WHAT ARE THE AFFECTS OF POVERTY ON CHILDREN IN THE U.S.? SO IN TURN, WHAT ARE THE AFFECTS OF POVERTY ON CHILDREN IN THE U.S.? HOW CAN WE HELP THE CURRENT SOCIAL PROBLEM? HOW CAN WE HELP THE CURRENT SOCIAL PROBLEM?

4. RESEARCH ARTICLE #1 CHILDREN, HUNGER AND POVERTY SALLY RAPHEL POVERTY IS “AN AWFUL EMBARRASSING SITUATION.” POVERTY IS “AN AWFUL EMBARRASSING SITUATION.” THE RICHEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD HAS CHILDREN LIVE IN HOUSEHOLDS WHERE LIFE NECESSITIES IS NOT CONSISTENT, FOR A HEALTHY LIFE. THE RICHEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD HAS CHILDREN LIVE IN HOUSEHOLDS WHERE LIFE NECESSITIES IS NOT CONSISTENT, FOR A HEALTHY LIFE. DUE TO POVERTY IT LEADS TO HUNGER ISSUES, IT IS PROVEN WITH SHORT-TERM EPISODES OF HUNGER IT LEADS TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT DAMAGE. DUE TO POVERTY IT LEADS TO HUNGER ISSUES, IT IS PROVEN WITH SHORT-TERM EPISODES OF HUNGER IT LEADS TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT DAMAGE. IMPROVING THIS SOCIAL PROBLEM WILL LEAD TO: IMPROVING THIS SOCIAL PROBLEM WILL LEAD TO: FEWER HIGH SCHOOL DROP OUTS FEWER HIGH SCHOOL DROP OUTS DECREASED CRIMES DECREASED CRIMES MORE EMPLOYED IN GOOD JOBS MORE EMPLOYED IN GOOD JOBS SOURCE: RAPHEL, SALLY. "CHILDREN, HUNGER, AND POVERTY." JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 27.1 (2014): 45-47 3P. CINAHL COMPLETE. WEB. 8 APR. 2016.

5. RESEARCH ARTICLE #2 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES SRI RANJITH AND ANIL RUPASINGHA DESPITE HIGH MEASURES TAKEN BY U.S. GOVERNMENT POVERTY RATES REMAIN HIGH TODAY. SHOWING THAT POLICIES DEALING WITH CHILD POVERTY AREN’T EFFECTIVE. DESPITE HIGH MEASURES TAKEN BY U.S. GOVERNMENT POVERTY RATES REMAIN HIGH TODAY. SHOWING THAT POLICIES DEALING WITH CHILD POVERTY AREN’T EFFECTIVE. YOUNG CHILDREN REPRESENT THE NEXT GENERATION SECURING FAVORABLE CONDITIONS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT, OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL, MORAL AND SOCIAL. YOUNG CHILDREN REPRESENT THE NEXT GENERATION SECURING FAVORABLE CONDITIONS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT, OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL, MORAL AND SOCIAL. U.S. VIEWS POVERTY MORE AS A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY RATHER THAN THAT OF OTHER GROWING NATIONS WHERE IT IS VIEWED AS PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY. U.S. VIEWS POVERTY MORE AS A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY RATHER THAN THAT OF OTHER GROWING NATIONS WHERE IT IS VIEWED AS PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY. SOURCE: RANJITH, SRI, AND ANIL RUPASINGHA. "SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES." JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES (M.E. SHARPE INC.) 46.1 (2012): 119-142. BUSINESS SOURCE PREMIER. WEB. 8 APR. 2016. SOURCE: RANJITH, SRI, AND ANIL RUPASINGHA. "SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES." JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES (M.E. SHARPE INC.) 46.1 (2012): 119-142. BUSINESS SOURCE PREMIER. WEB. 8 APR. 2016.

6. RESEARCH ARTICLE #2 (CONTINUED) DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY: DETERMINANTS OF CHILD POVERTY: ECONOMIC AND LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC AND LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS LOW FAMILY INCOME AS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE MAIN REASON FOR A CHILD'S MALNUTRITION, LACK OF EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE. LOW FAMILY INCOME AS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE MAIN REASON FOR A CHILD'S MALNUTRITION, LACK OF EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE. DEMOGRAPHIC AND FAMILY STRUCTURE DEMOGRAPHIC AND FAMILY STRUCTURE CHILD POVERTY DUE TO CHANGES OF FAMILY STRUCTURE, IN A TWO PARENT FAMILY AVERAGE POVERTY RATE 9%, IN SINGLE UNMARRIED FEMALE IT INCREASED TO 66% CHILD POVERTY DUE TO CHANGES OF FAMILY STRUCTURE, IN A TWO PARENT FAMILY AVERAGE POVERTY RATE 9%, IN SINGLE UNMARRIED FEMALE IT INCREASED TO 66% EFFECTIVENESS OF WELFARE PROGRAMS EFFECTIVENESS OF WELFARE PROGRAMS GOVERNMENT HAS INCORPORATED NEW CHILD SUPPORT PROGRAMS. SOME ARGUE THEY HELP OTHERS ARGUE THEY DO NOTHING FOR CHILD POVERTY RATES. GOVERNMENT HAS INCORPORATED NEW CHILD SUPPORT PROGRAMS. SOME ARGUE THEY HELP OTHERS ARGUE THEY DO NOTHING FOR CHILD POVERTY RATES. SPATIAL ASPECTS SPATIAL ASPECTS POVERTY IS RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AREA. IF THERE ARE MANY LOWER POVERTY RATES. POVERTY IS RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AREA. IF THERE ARE MANY LOWER POVERTY RATES. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IMPACTS POSITIVELY ON A HOUSEHOLD’S WELL-BEING IMPACTS POSITIVELY ON A HOUSEHOLD’S WELL-BEING

7. POVERTY IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CHILD POVERTY ISN’T DIRECTLY LINKED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY. CHILD POVERTY ISN’T DIRECTLY LINKED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY. SHOWN BY THE GRAPH ON THE LEFT THE UNITED STATES HAS ONE OF THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATES. SHOWN BY THE GRAPH ON THE LEFT THE UNITED STATES HAS ONE OF THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATES. THE CHART SHOWS THAT POVERTY IS NOT ALWAYS THE CASE OF AN UNDEVELOPED COUNTRY. BUT RATHER IT IS A SOCIAL ISSUE ACROSS THE WORLD. THE CHART SHOWS THAT POVERTY IS NOT ALWAYS THE CASE OF AN UNDEVELOPED COUNTRY. BUT RATHER IT IS A SOCIAL ISSUE ACROSS THE WORLD. Source: Ranjith, Sri, and Anil Rupasingha. "Social And Cultural Determinants Of Child Poverty In The United States." Journal Of Economic Issues (M.E. Sharpe Inc.) 46.1 (2012): 119-142. Business Source Premier. Web. 8 Apr. 2016.

8. FAMILY STRUCTURES: AFFECT ON CHILD’S POVERTY CHILDREN WITH A LESS STRUCTURED FAMILY UNIT ARE OFTEN MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE POVERTY. CHILDREN WITH A LESS STRUCTURED FAMILY UNIT ARE OFTEN MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE POVERTY. THEY HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF INVOLVEMENT IN DRUGS, SEXUAL ACTIVITY AND TEEN PREGNANCY. THEY HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF INVOLVEMENT IN DRUGS, SEXUAL ACTIVITY AND TEEN PREGNANCY. FAMILY STRUCTURE ACCOUNTS FOR 50- 60% OF CHILD’S POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES FAMILY STRUCTURE ACCOUNTS FOR 50- 60% OF CHILD’S POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES Source: Ranjith, Sri, and Anil Rupasingha. "Social And Cultural Determinants Of Child Poverty In The United States." Journal Of Economic Issues (M.E. Sharpe Inc.) 46.1 (2012): 119-142. Business Source Premier. Web. 8 Apr. 2016.

9. 5 QUICK FACTS: POVERTY 101 LOWEST-EARNING FAMILIES IN TODAY’S SOCIETY ARE ACTUALLY LIVING ON LESS MONEY THAN THEY WERE 30 YEARS AGO. LOWEST-EARNING FAMILIES IN TODAY’S SOCIETY ARE ACTUALLY LIVING ON LESS MONEY THAN THEY WERE 30 YEARS AGO. CHILDREN MAKE UP 35% OF THE POVERTY RATE IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY. CHILDREN MAKE UP 35% OF THE POVERTY RATE IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY. CAUCASIANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE POVERTY THAN THAT OF OTHER RACES CAUCASIANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE POVERTY THAN THAT OF OTHER RACES POOR HEALTH, SUBSTANDARD HOUSING, HOMELESSNESS, LIMITED SCHOOLING, CRIME AND PUNISHMENT, AND POLITICAL ALIENATION IS LINKED WITH POVERTY IN AMERICA POOR HEALTH, SUBSTANDARD HOUSING, HOMELESSNESS, LIMITED SCHOOLING, CRIME AND PUNISHMENT, AND POLITICAL ALIENATION IS LINKED WITH POVERTY IN AMERICA AVERAGE INCOME IS ABOUT $11,000 DOLLARS LESS THAN THE POVERTY LINE AVERAGE INCOME IS ABOUT $11,000 DOLLARS LESS THAN THE POVERTY LINE Source: Macionis, John J. Social Problems. 6th ed. United States: Pearson Education, 2015. Print.

10. “A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING POVERTY: A COGNITIVE APPROACH” BY: RUBY K. PAYNE PH.D. THE BOOK IS TO HELP EDUCATORS, COMMUNITIES, PARENTS, ETC. TO COMPREHEND POVERTY AND HOW TO HELP WITH THE SOCIAL ISSUE. IT EDUCATES ON HOW TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE WITH; ADULTS, CHILDREN, AND FAMILIES THAT DEAL WITH IT ON A DAILY BASIS. IT GIVES YOU THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ONE WHO EXPERIENCES POVERTY AND ONE WHO DOESN’T; BETWEEN THEIR LIFE, MENTALITY AND EXPERIENCES. IT SHOWS HOW BIG OF A DIFFERENCE THERE IS AND THE PRESSING NEED TO CHANGE THE SITUATION. THE BOOK IS TO HELP EDUCATORS, COMMUNITIES, PARENTS, ETC. TO COMPREHEND POVERTY AND HOW TO HELP WITH THE SOCIAL ISSUE. IT EDUCATES ON HOW TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE WITH; ADULTS, CHILDREN, AND FAMILIES THAT DEAL WITH IT ON A DAILY BASIS. IT GIVES YOU THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ONE WHO EXPERIENCES POVERTY AND ONE WHO DOESN’T; BETWEEN THEIR LIFE, MENTALITY AND EXPERIENCES. IT SHOWS HOW BIG OF A DIFFERENCE THERE IS AND THE PRESSING NEED TO CHANGE THE SITUATION. IT HELPED ME SEE HOW TRYING THIS SOCIAL ISSUE IS, AND HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO HELP INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCING POVERTY. IT IS A TRYING EXPERIENCE AND THEY NEED ALL THE HELP AND SUPPORT POSSIBLE. IT HELPED ME SEE HOW TRYING THIS SOCIAL ISSUE IS, AND HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO HELP INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCING POVERTY. IT IS A TRYING EXPERIENCE AND THEY NEED ALL THE HELP AND SUPPORT POSSIBLE. I DO AGREE WITH THE AUTHOR. SHE GAVE GREAT TIPS ON WHAT WE AS INDIVIDUALS CAN DO TO HELP THOSE THAT EXPERIENCE POVERTY. BY DOING SO WE GIVE THEM BETTER CHANCES TO SUCCEED AND BEAT THE ODDS. I DO AGREE WITH THE AUTHOR. SHE GAVE GREAT TIPS ON WHAT WE AS INDIVIDUALS CAN DO TO HELP THOSE THAT EXPERIENCE POVERTY. BY DOING SO WE GIVE THEM BETTER CHANCES TO SUCCEED AND BEAT THE ODDS. Payne, Ruby K. A Framework for Understanding Poverty: A Cognitive Approach. 5th Revised ed. United States: Aha!, 2013. Print.

11. CONCLUSION POVERTY IS A GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEM THAT NEEDS BIGGER ATTENTION IN THE UNITED STATES. POVERTY IS A GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEM THAT NEEDS BIGGER ATTENTION IN THE UNITED STATES. WITH MORE FOCUS AND BIGGER EFFORTS WE CAN HELP CHANGE THE SOCIAL PROBLEM, AND GIVE HOPE AND LIGHT TO THOSE THAT ARE EXPERIENCING IT FIRST HAND. WITH MORE FOCUS AND BIGGER EFFORTS WE CAN HELP CHANGE THE SOCIAL PROBLEM, AND GIVE HOPE AND LIGHT TO THOSE THAT ARE EXPERIENCING IT FIRST HAND. MORE IMPORTANTLY WE HELP BEAT THE ODDS FOR CHILDREN CURRENTLY EXPERIENCING THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY AND CHANGING THE COURSE OF THEIR FUTURE. MORE IMPORTANTLY WE HELP BEAT THE ODDS FOR CHILDREN CURRENTLY EXPERIENCING THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY AND CHANGING THE COURSE OF THEIR FUTURE. WE NEED TO HELP THE 35% OF U.S. CHILDREN OUT OF POVERTY’S WRATH. WE NEED TO HELP THE 35% OF U.S. CHILDREN OUT OF POVERTY’S WRATH.