2. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations In the early 1900’s archaeologist began to dig in the Indus River Valley of Pakistan. They unearthed small clay bricks, small clay seals, Figurines, and other artifacts. A civilization the flourished 4,500 years before was discoveried

3. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations The Indus valley is located in South Asia or the Indian subcontinent. The Indian subcontinent is the largest peninsula that extends into the Indian Ocean.

4. Sect. 1 Indus Valley Civilizations Present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka(Island Nation) and the mountain nations of Nepal and Bhutan. –The mountain range in the north limited the contacts with other lands.(Himalayas & Hindu Kush) Left India to develop a distinct culture Hindu Kush acted as a gateway to migrating and invading peoples –People of Indus plains depend on monsoons and floods for their crops

5. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations Natural Features Define Region The Indian subcontinent is divided into three regions –First in the Gangetic Plains in the North –Second the dry Deccan plateau –Third the coastal plains on either side of the Deccan

6. Sect.1Indus Valley Civilizations The Gangetic plain lies south of the Himalayas. This region is watered by the mighty rivers: Indus River, Ganges River, Brahmaputra River. These rivers carried snow melt to the plains –Allows for farming in the region

8. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations The Deccan in a plateau –Raised area of land Lacks the snow melt and other rivers for irrigation With very little water this region is very dry

9. Sect 1.Indus Valley Civilizations The coastal plains are separated from the Deccan plateau by the Western and Eastern Ghats River and heavy seasonal rains provide water for farmers

10. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Monsoons affect Climate A defining feature of Indian are the Monsoons Seasonal winds that blow from a certain direction for part of the year –October the winter monsoon blows from the northeast »Brings hot, dry air that withers crops –In mid-June, the summer monsoon blows from the southwest »Picks up moisture of the Indian Ocean and drench the land with downpours

11. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations The monsoons shape everyday life in India People welcome the rains to water their crops. If the rains are late, famine and starvation may occur If the rains are too heavy, deadly flooding will occur.

12. Sect. 1 Indus Valley Civilizations Indus Civilizations Rises and Falls About 2,600 BC, the earliest South Asian civilization emerged in the Indus River Valley –Modern day Pakistan.

13. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations The Indus Civilization flourished for about 700 years Since the discovery in the 1920’s the cities began to emerge from beneath the landscape Several Indus sites have been discovered and no names of Kings and Queens have been found

14. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations NO Written remains records, literature and accounts of famous victories The Indus Valley civilization covered the largest area of any civilization until the rise of the Persia Empire more than a 1,000 years later

15. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Well-planned Cities reveal Organized government Five large cities have been discoveried since the 1920’s Hundreds of smaller cities have also been studied The Indus cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa –Believed to be twin capitals

16. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro –Prosperous civilization along Indus River (appx. 2500 BCE) –Had cities w/ grid patterns, running water –Mainly farmers, but did trade some –Written records have yet to be deciphered –Civilization ended around 1500 BCE Either flood or invasion

17. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Large cities –Three mile in circumference Each city included large warehouses for storage Mohenjo Daro and other cities were well ogranized –Long, wide main streets and large rectangle blocks –Houses were built with baked clay bricks

18. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Harappa sites used unbaked bricks and mud Indus Houses had a complex plumbing systems –With baths, drains, and water chute that led into sewers beneath the streets. Evidence showed a well organized government

19. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Making a living by farming and Trading Most people in the Indus civilization were farmers. They grew a wide variety of crops –Wheat, Barley, melons and dates. First people to weave cotton into cloth Some people were merchants and traders –Their ships carried cargo of cotton cloth, grain, copper, pearls, and ivory combs

20. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Sailed to the middle east by hugging the coast of the Arabian Sea Develop a writing system that was unique to the region Religious Beliefs Develop Clue like statues and images on clay seals gave some views on the religion of the Indus Valley people

21. Sect. 1Indus Valley Civilizations Believed to be polytheistic. A mother goddess of creation Viewed certain animals as sacred –Buffalo and the Bull Indus Civilization Declines By 1900 Bc the way of life began to decline Crude pottery replaced fine works of earlier days

22. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations The use of writing stopped Mohenjo-Daro was abandoned The population of the Indus cities declined Historians are not sure what happen to the people of Indus Valley –Invaders overran Indus cities –Damage to the local environment Cutting down of too many trees

23. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations Tons of river mud was found in the streets of Mohenjo-Daro –Suggests a massive flood Other evidence points to a massive earthquake

24. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations Aryan Civilization Develops During the Vedic age Beginnings –Indo-European (light skinned) people, invaded from North of the Black sea between 2000 BC to1500 BC Travelled through the passages in northwestern India Aryans emerge in India These nomads belonged to one of many speaker of a Indo European language These nomads intermarried with local people (Aryans) –Blended the nomad culture with earlier Indian culture

25. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations The early Aryans built no cities and left very little evidence behind Much of what we know comes from the Vedas –Vedas – “Books of Knowledge” – tell us about Aryan society & religious beliefs –A collection of hymns, chants, ritual instructions and other religious teachings –The Aryan priest memorized the Vedas thousands of years before they were ever wrote down. This period of time is called the Vedic Age (1500 BC to 500BC)

26. Sect.1 Indus Valley Civilizations From Nomadic Life to Farming Gave up the nomadic way and settled into villages The Aryans spread eastward by 800BC –They learned how to make Iron axes and weapons Loose organization of tribes; led by Rajah (chief) –Most skilled war leader, elected by a assembly of warriors –Consider advice from a council of Elders –Fought with other Rajahs for control of trade Cattle was important to early Aryans – used for diet & trade/economy; eventually cows become sacred Paternalistic society (men dominated) Sanskrit – early Aryan speech, eventually becomes writing

27. Caste System Caste System is the rigid social system of India Divided into 4 main varnas or social classes –Brahmans (priest) –Kshatriyas (warriors/nobles) –Vaisyas (artisans, common people) –Sudras (unskilled workers, servants) Each varna is subdivided into smaller groups called jati Jati formed according to occupation –Some mobility within the varna, but NO MOBILITY from varna to varna Lowest group (not even identified as a “class”) are the “untouchables”

28. Sect 1 Indus Valley Civilization Epic Literature Tells about Aryan Life Indian civilization consisted of many rival kingdoms Sanskrit is used to write sacred texts began Aryans maintained a strong oral tradition Two epic poems. –Mahabharata and Ramayana

29. Sect. 1 Indus Valley Civilization Mahabharata tells of warfare and Religion India’s greatest epic poem Nearly 100,000 verses A story of five royal brothers who lose their kingdom to their cousins –After a great battle that lasted 18 days the royal brothers regain their kingdoms and restored peace to India –Other versus tell about the importance of duty over personal desires

30. Sect. 1 Indus Valley Civilization Ramayana teaches values of behavior Much shorter but just as important The story of a hero (Rama) and his bride (Sita). Sita is kidnapped by the demon- king Ravana. The rest of the story tell how Rama finally rescues Sita with the aid of the monkey general Hanuman Rama is the model of virtue and ideal king Sita is the model of a loyal and obedient wife

31. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism Thousands of years ago two major religion emerged from ancient India –Hinduism and Buddhism The ethical and spritual message of both religions profoundly shaped Indian civilization The Beliefs of Hinduism Develop Hinduism has no single founder No sacred text

32. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism It grew out of the overlapping beliefs of the diverse groups who settled India. –Aryans added the Indus Civilization to their own gods and goddess Hinduism became one of the most complex religions of the world Countless gods and goddess and many forms of worship existed side by side.

33. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism One Force underlies Everything Hindus believe that everything is part of the unchanging, all powerful spiritual force called the Brahman Each can take many shape human and animal Some hindus also worship various forms of powerful god, Shakti

34. Hindu Gods Brahma – The creator

35. Hindu Gods Shiva – The Destroyer

36. Vishnu – The Preserver

37. Devi – Mother Goddess

38. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism Sacred texts reveal Hindu Beliefs Hindu teachings were recorded in the sacred text of the Vedas Upanishads are section Vedas that address mystical questions related to Hinduism These sacred text use vivid images to examine complex ideas about the human soul and the connectedness of all life.

39. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism Achieving Moksha is the goal of life Every person has a essential self –Atman The ultimate goal of existence, Hindu believe is achieving moksha –Union with brahman To do this an individual must free themselves from selfish desires that separate them from brahman

40. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism Most people cannot achieve moksha in one lifetime Hindus believe in reincarnation –Rebirth of the soul in another bodily form –Reincarnation allows people to continue working towards moksha through several lifetimes A person can come closer to achieving moksha by obeying the laws of Karma –All actions of a person’s life that affects his or her fate in the next life.

41. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism To Hindus, all existence is ranked –Humans are closest to brahman, then comes animals, plants, and objects like rocks or water People who live virtuously earn good karma and are reborn at a higher level of existence Those who acquire bad karma and are reborn into suffering at a lower level. The image of the wheel symbolizes this

42. Sect.2 Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism stresses the importance of dharma –Religious and moral duties of an individual –According to class, occupation, gender, and age. Hindus also follow a key moral principle of ahimsa –Nonviolence

43. Buddhism Many Hindus were dissatisfied with their religion (wanted more spirituality) Siddhartha Guatama –Born as Kshatriyan Prince appx. 566 BCE –Lived sheltered from pain of the world –Gives up life of luxury at age 29 and wanders India for 7 years looking for meaning of life –Gains enlightenment – becomes known as Buddha (Enlightened One)

44. 4 Noble Truths –Pain, suffering, frustration and anxiety are inescapable parts of human life –Suffering and anxiety are caused by human desire and attachments –People can understand these weaknesses and triumph over them –This truth is made possible by following a simple code of conduct, the eightfold path Eightfold Path –Know truth –Resist evil –Say nothing harmful –Respect life –Work to help others –Free mind from evil –Control thoughts –Practice meditation

45. Buddhist Beliefs Buddhists reach nirvana (a state of union with the universe) by mastering Eightfold Path Buddhists reject the caste system, they believe you can reach enlightenment in any life Reincarnation still exists, but only for those that don’t reach enlightenment – one could escape the pain of life/rebirth by becoming enlightened There are 2 major branches of Buddhism –Theravada- close in practice to original Buddhism –Mahayana- they worship Buddha as a divine being & savior

46. Classical Indian Empires Mauryan Empire (321-184 BCE) –Began by Chandragupta Maurya –Largest empire of classical India; had strong army & spy network –Most famous leader was Ashoka Warlike leader who eventually converts to Buddhism Provided public support via hospital care, roads & rest stops, etc. Laws provided in local languages instead of formal Sanskrit Gupta Empire –Began in 320 CE, lasts until appx. 535 CE –Gupta rulers used marriage & negotiation to increase empire –Known as the “Golden Age” due to intellectual accomplishments 1 st university system w/ 3 libraries, lecture halls, observatory, etc. Advances in science including gravity, brain surgery, astronomical observations, the Earth being round, & smallpox inoculation Mathematical advancements of #1-9, 0, pi, decimal system, infinity

47. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Northern India was often a battleground for Rival rajah fought for control of the Gangetic Plain –Chandragupta Maurya forged India into a empire The Maurya Empire Creates a Strong Government

48. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Chandragupta Forges an Empire Chandra Gupta first gained control in the Ganges Valley His grandson and his son pushed south, adding much land to his empire Chandragupta maintained order through a well-organized government –Official built roads, Harbors, collect taxes and manage state-owned Factories and shipyards Fearful of his enemies, he trained women as guards

49. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Asoka Rules by Moral Example Most honored Maurya emperor –Chandragupta’s Grandson Fought a long blood war in Deccan region –Horrified by the slaughter of 100,000 people Converted to Buddhism –Rejected violence and ruled by moral example He sent out missionaries to spread Buddhism across India and Sri Lanka

50. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Had stone pillars set up across India –Offered moral advice and a just government Division and Disunity Set In After Asoka’s death in 185 BC, Maurya power began to decline –Rival princes fought for power of Gangetic Plain India seldomly remained united for long

51. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India The north shared a common culture, but many rivals Distance and cultural difference in the people of the north and deccan added to turmoil Foreigners pushed through mountain passes into Northern India

52. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Kingdom Arise Across the Deccan The Deccan was divided into many kingdoms with their own capitals The Dravidian of the Deccan had a very different language and traditions. Hindu and Buddhist ideas, sanskrit drifted south and blended with local traditions The Tamil kingdom occupied the southernmost part India

53. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Tamil kingdom left diverse literature about war, heroic deeds, and festive occasions and city life The Gupta Bring About a Golden Age The most powerful Indian states arose in the North –Gupta Empire –500 years after the Mauryas. –Strong central government

54. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India From 320AD to 540 AD India’s golden age –Period of great cultural achievement Peace and Prosperity Looser control than the Maurya, –Power left in the hands of Individual villages and city government Elected by merchants and artisans

55. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Trading and farming flourished across India –Wheat, Rice, and Sugar Cane –Cotton cloth, Pottery, and metalware Exported goods to East Asia, Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

56. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Indian make Advances in Learning Students were educated in religious schools In Hindu and Buddhist centers, learning was not limited to religion and philosophy. Large monastery-university at Nalanda –Attracted students from many parts of Asia –Taught math, medicine, physics, languages, literature, and other subjects

57. Mauryan Empire Gupta Empire Asoka

58. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Indian advances in math impact the world –Concept of Zero –Decimal system with 10 digits Indian doctors used herbs and other remedies to treat illnesses Surgeons set bones and simple surgeries to repair injuries Doctors began to vaccinate for smallpox 1,000 year before the pratice started in Europe

59. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Expanding India’s Literature Many writers added to the heritage of Indian Literature –Collected and recorded fables and folk tales in Sanskrit The Gupta Empire Declines The Gupta Empire declined from weak rulers, civil war, and foreign invaders The White Huns from Asia began to overrun the Gupta empire

60. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Family and Village life shapes Indian Society Everyday life revolves around the rules and duties associated with caste, family, and village Joint Family Structure Ideal Family structure was the joint family –Parents, children and their offspring shared a common dwelling Father or oldest male is the head of the family

61. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Adult males continue to live with their parents after marriage Close family ties amongst the males The Family Performs Certain duties Function was to train children in the tradition and duties of their castes Family interest came before the individual needs Important for parents to arrange marriages based on caste and family interest

62. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Dowry a payment to the brides groom. –Financed the costly wedding festivities Role of women change over time During gutpa times women were began to be restricted to the home If the left they would need to be covered from head to toe. Primary duty was to marry and raise children

63. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Typical Village Structure Village sized varied from a few to hundreds of families Clustered house made of earth Each villiage had different caste who performed certain tasks Each ran its own affairs A village headmen and council made decisions

64. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Women did serve on the councils –Became more restricted under Hindu law Agriculture and Trade Shape Life Farming depended on the rains of the summer monsoons Landlords owned much of the lands –Farmers who worked the land had to give part of the harvest to the landlord –Left with hardly enough for their families

65. Sect.3 Powerful Empires of India Villages usually produced most of the food and goods they needed –Had to rely in trade for salt, spices and various manufactured goods People regularly interacted with nearby villages –Weddings, shopping at marketplaces

66. Modern India After Gupta –Years of invasions (Muslims, Mongols, Portuguese, etc.) –Lasts from 700s-1600s British Rule - Imperialism –British East India Company becomes active in Indian government –Hired Indian soldiers (sepoys) – they revolt in 1857 –Revolt suppressed, British officially take over India with Queen Victoria named “Empress of India” in 1876 (Crown Jewel) Colonial Rule –Queen appoints viceroy to rule in her place –British try to modernize India Schools, telegraphs, railroads, postal system, etc. High taxation; Indians forced to farm cotton (US Civil War) Millions of Indians starve –Indians treated as 2 nd class people

67. Mohandas Gandhi –Also known as Mahatma Gandhi; Indian nationalist & British educated lawyer –Leads independence movement in India with mass civil disobedience (nonviolent protesting) –Gandhi was jailed several times for his protests Most famous protest was Salt March (1930) –Led the Indian National Congress –Supported British in WWI, but refused to support them in WWII –Independence movement splits Indian (Hindu) Modern (Muslim) –India granted Independence from Great Britain in 1947; western India splits and becomes Pakistan (Muslim) –Gandhi assassinated in 1948

68. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Geography Influences Civilization Long Distance and geographic barriers separate China from Egypt, the middle east, and India Isolation lead to the view that China was to sole civilization –Middle Kingdom

69. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Geographic Barriers Set China Apart To the west and southwest of China, brutal mountains and desert –The Tian Shan and the Himalayas To the southeast, thick rainforest divide China from southeast Asia To the North, a desert (Gobi) To the East is the Pacific Ocean

70. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China

71. Despite the barriers, China did contact with the outside world Traded with neighboring peoples, and in time Chinese goods reached the Middle East China includes Varied Region Their empire covered a many regions The Chinese heartland lays along the east coast

72. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Also include valley of Huang and the Yellow Rivers and Chang River This fertile area supported the largest population Rivers provided water for transportation routes and irrigation The outlaying areas are Xinjiang and Mongolia –Harsh climate and rugged terrain

73. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China –Occupied by nomads China also extended influence into Tibet Settling along the ‘River of Sorrow” Chinese history began in the Huang River Valley A need to control the water flow through large water project –Led a strong Central government

74. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Sometimes called the Yellow River Civilization The Huang River get its name from the Loess –Windblown silt –Carried eastward from Siberia and Mongolia As the loess settles in the river it rises the water level –Chinese peasant build dikes to control the flood water

75. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China If the dikes failed it would flood the fields and cause mass starvation China Begins to take Shape Under the Shang Dynasty About 1766 BC the first Chinese dynasty arose in Northern China –Remain dominate until 1122BC Formation of a government Walled city of Anyang (capital)

76. Map of Shang Dynasty & an Oracle Bone

77. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Shang kings only controlled a small area Loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land –Heads of clans Families that share a common ancestor Women had a high status in the Shang Dynasty

78. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Social Classes Develop Top level of Shang society included the royal family and noble warriors Early Chinese cities supported a class of artisans and merchants Artisan provided goods for noble –Bronze weapons, silk robes, and jade jewelry Merchants traded food and crafts for salt, and certain shells

79. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China –Things not found in northeast China Majority of people in Shang China were peasants –Cluster into small villages Houses had thatched roof and earthen floors –Dug several feet below the surrounding ground Peasant life was grueling

80. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China All family members worked in the fields –Used stone tool to plant and harvest crops Worked to repair dikes when not in the field If a war broke out between noble families, men had to fight alongside their lords The Zhou Dynasty Further Defines China In 1122BC the Zhou people marched out their kingdoms in the west to overthrow the Shang

81. ZHOU

82. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China The Zhou dynasty lasted until 256 BC Receiving the Mandate of Heaven To justify their rebellion against the Shang, the Zhou promoted the idea of the Mandate of Heaven –Divine right to rule The Zhou declared the cruel Shang ruler outraged the Gods The Gods passed the Mandate of Heaven to the Zhou

83. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China The Chinese expanded the idea of the mandate of Heaven to explain the rise and fall of dynasties As long as a dynasty provides a good government, mandate of heaven would continue The Chinese believed that when the mandate was withdrawn that floods, famine would sign the dynasty has lost the favor of the Gods

84. Dynastic Cycle NEW DYNASTY Brings Peace (re)Builds infrastructure Land given to peasants People protected AGING DYNASTY Ignores infrastructure taxes too heavily people unprotected government corruption/neglect PROBLEMS Floods, famines, earthquakes Invasions/Revolts Dynasty LOSES MANDATE OF HEAVEN NEW DYNASTY CLAIMS MANDATE OF HEAVEN

85. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China In the resulting chaos a new leader would seize power and form a new dynasty Known as the feudal age of Chinese history –King gives lands to nobles in exchange for loyalty –Empire is too big for King to rule –Nobles actually ruled local areas – leads to many wanting to challenge Zhou kings

86. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Spurring Economic Growth China’s economy began to grow during the Zhou dynasty Knowledge of ironworking reached China by 600 BC –Iron axes and plows replaced stone, wood, and bronze tools –Ability to produce more food Peasant began to grow new crops –Soybeans Feudal lords organized irrigation works

87. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China The Chinese began to use money for the first time. –Copper coins with hole in the center to be strung on a rope Merchants benefitted from new roads and canals Zhou Dynasty ends By 26BC, Zhou dynasty was wealthy and very large

88. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China –But too weak to control feudal lords –Battled each other for power A ruthless leader who was about political unity emerged He brought an end to the Zhou dynasty and ushered in the Qin dynasty

89. Chinese Religion Confucianism –Kongzi (Confucius) Born in 551 BCE Brilliant Scholar Hoped to advise local rulers Never wrote anything down –Analects – teachings of Confucius Teachings focused on order & ethics Respect for family & elders are important Respect for past & traditions –5 Primary relationships Ruler & subject Parent & child Husband & wife Old & young Friend & friend

90. Confucianism (con’t) –“Lower” in relationship owes respect for “upper”; “upper” must set a good example for “lower” –Filial Piety – respect for parents –Reciprocity – golden rule –Civil Service System Used for advancement in gov’t positions (Han dynasty) Based on Confucianist ideas –, light, male, aggressive

91. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Confucianism has Great Influence Confucian ideas influenced China for centuries after his death Confucian scholars were picked as officials Confucian belief of Filial Piety reinforced the traditional belief Continue ideas of balance in universe –Yin & Yang Yin – Earth, cool, darkness, female, submissive Yang – Heaven, light, Male –Universe depended on maintaining balance

92. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Hundreds of millions of people accepted confucian beliefs –Korea, Japan, and Vietnam –Eventually a third of the world’s population followed these beliefs Daoism Teaches harmony with nature

93. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Daoism –Laozi (“Old Master”) Rejected formal social structure; opposite of Confucianism Little is known about Laozi –Ideas collected in Dao De Jing –The Way of Virtue Not concerned with human affiars Focused on harmony with nature People should look beyond everyday cares and focus on the Dao. (the way)

94. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China To know the Dao is to reject conflict and strife Many became hermits, artists and poets Daoists viewed government as unnatural and a cause of problems –The best government was the one who governs the least Over time Confucianism and Daoism blended –Confucianism shows how to behave –Daoism influences their views of the natural world

95. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Achievements abound in Early China The people of Shang and Zhou China are know for cultural achievement –Shang astronomers studied the movement of planet and recorded eclipses of the Sun Led to a more accurate calendar 365.25 days Discovering the secret Silk road By 2650BC the Chinese learn how to make silk from the cocoons of silkworms Produced the silkworms and mulberry trees

96. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Then wove silk in to cloth and colored with brilliant colors. Only royalty and noble could afford silk Silk became China’s most valuable export The Chinese kept the silk making process a secret for hundred of years Establishing a complex system of writing Took shape 4,000 years ago

98. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Oracle Bone, oldest examples –Animal bone or turtle shells on which Shang priest wrote questions to addressed to the Gods –Which heated the bones would crack, once interpreted would provide answers or advice Over time a writing system with character developed –Tens of thousands of character

100. Sect.4 Rise of Civilization In China Has been simplified over the centuries A person would have to memorize all the characters Would make it almost impossible to understand other languages Creating the first books First books appeared in Zhou China –On thin sheets of wood or bamboo Book of Songs; poems about events in everyday life

101. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China The powerful ruler of the state of Qin rose to unify all of China Zheng proclaimed himself Shi Huangi “First Emperor”. –Brought the classical era to China Government, Philosophy, religion, science, and art that serve as a framework for future cultures. Shi Huangi Unified China Shi Huangi was determined to end the divisions that had split Zhou China

102. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China Spent the next 20 years conquering most of the warring state Built the strong, authoritarian Qin government Legalism Establishes Harsh Rule Shi Huangi centralized power with the help of Legalist advisors Legalism was based on the teachings of Hanfeizi

103. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China –The nature of man is evil, his goodness is acquired –Greed, was the motive for most actions and the cause of most conflict Hanfeizi insisted that the only way to achieve order was to pass strict laws and impose harsh punishments for crimes To legalist, strength, not goodness, was a rulers greatest virtue

104. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China Many feudal rulers chose Legalism as a way to keep order Shi Huangi tortured, killed and enslaved those who opposed his rule Feudal and Confucian scholars hated his laws To end the dissent, began a campaign of book burning, and ordered the destruction of all manuals except one of Medicine and Farming

105. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China The policy of enslaving people as punishment for crime lasted through most of the following dynasty Unity Imposed He replaced the feudal states with 36 military districts –Loyal official ruled Forced noble families to live in Xianyang –His capital city Gave displaced noble’s land to peasants –Had to pay a high tax

106. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China –Supported his armies and building projects To promote unity he standardized weights and measurements Replace coins with a single Qin coin Had scholars create a uniformity in Chinese writing Extended roads and canals New law to require cart to have the width axles.

108. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China Constructing the Great Wall Shi Huangdi’s greatest and most costly achievement –In the past individual feudal lords built walls to protection their lands –Took many years to complete and thousands died as laborers

109. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China Shi Huangdi died in 210BC –Anger over heavy taxes, forced labor and cruel policies exploded a revolt. –Qin dynasty official ended in 206BC Gao Zu, a illiterate peasant defeated rival armies and founded the Han dynasty

110. Han Dynasty Ruled from 206BC – 220AD Wudi –Ruled from 141BC to 87BC –Improved canals and roads –Had professional employees help with administration of empire (bureaucracy) Had to take a test (Civil Service Exam) Test based on Confucianism Adopted the idea that government should be awarded based on merit, not family ties Trade flourished with the Silk Road –4,000 mile long trade route –Connected China to Middle East and Europe –Used stages to relay goods along the route

112. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China Han dynasty collapsed when emperors could no longer control the powerful warlords Burdened by heavy taxes, peasant began to revolt. Achievements of the Han Golden Age Scientist write books on Chemistry, zoology, botany Observed and recorded movement of planets Scientific advancements included –1 st seismograph –1 st true paper –1 st watermills (grain)

113. Sect.5 Strong Rules Unite China Use acupuncture to treat pain and illness Pioneered shipbuilding and rudder for steering Other inventions –Fishing reel –Wheelbarrows –Suspension Bridge