1. Norwegian Development Cooperation in the Fisheries Sector Seminar – challenges in natural resources management in developing countries Norad 12 April 2011 Brit Fisknes, Department for Private Sector Development and the Environment, Norad

2. The history First Norwegian development assistance was within fisheries (and a lot more) to Kerala, India in 1952. 1960-ies: independence for many developing countries; governmental ownership of the productive sector 1970-ies: Exclusive Economic zones (EEZ) to 200 nm. Mapping of fish resources (the Nansen programme) 1980-ies: integrated rural development programmes (Hambantota, Turkana); cooperatives 1990-ies: gvt ownership reduced -> private industry; gvt concentrates on framework for private sector development – strengthening of institutions – sustainability – Rio 1992 2000 +: ecosystem approach to fisheries management

3. The importance of fisheries and aquaculture Fisheries and aquaculture is important for food security, employment and as export income earner According to FAO, fish represents between 20 and 30 percent of the total intake of animal protein in the poorest countries in Africa and Asia. Export of seafood including aquaculture products are an important income earner in many developing countries. In 1997 around 90% of the aquaculture production in the world and nearly 2/3 of all caught fish from the sea took place in developing countries. The value of export of fish products from developing countries is larger than their combined net export of coffee, bananas, rice and tea,

4. UN Millennium Development Goals – and fisheries Goal 1 and 6 are of particular relevance to fisheries: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger – fish contributes to food security 6.Ensure environmental sustainability - responsible resources utilisation

5. International legal instruments in fisheries management Central: UN LOSC – 1982 – entered into force in 1994 Compliance Agreement of 1993 (FAO) UN Fish Stock Agreement of 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1995 and action plans 2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Side/Page502.10.2016

6. The challenges are many! How much fish is caught? (Fisheries-dependent statistics often poor; illegal fishing) Illegal fishing (reduces fish resources; negative environmental effects; deprives society of income through taxes, lisences etc.) Potential conflicts industrial vs small scale fisheries; tourism; oil Control, law enforcement and sanctions often weak Conservation measures often implemented without participation of fishers or fisheries authorities Support aquaculture in more developed countries with more chance of success than in the poorest countries? Political will and capacity to limit use to sustainable levels Regional cooperation - sharing of information, transparency Stable and transparent regulatory framework Side/Page602.10.2016

7. Norwegian Development Cooperation in Fisheries As other development cooperation, the cooperation in fisheries development should: Contribute to poverty reduction inc food security, improved livelihoods Be based on the needs of the country, included in national strategies. Based on requests. Economic development Environmentally sustainable Strengthen participation in decision making, fair distribution of resources Promote equality (inc. gender)

8. Areas of cooperation Institutional development – strenghthened national institutions - within resources assessments and management, capacity building, sector planning, fisheries and aquaculture law and regulations, coastal zone planning Education: development of curricula and courses in fisheries Research and monitoring, aquaculture research and development, fish health, food safety, utilisation of by-products Private sector development: aquaculture, biotechnology, small scale fisheries, processing, marketing, quality control

9. What can Norway offer? Fisheries and aquaculture is an important income earner through export (Norway is competing with Thailand in being the second largest exporter of fisheries products in money terms) Norway has a high profile in international forums in fisheries and ocean affairs – and often taken a lead with regard to environmental concerns in fisheries and aquaculture Norway has shared interests with other coastal states – and is generally regarded as a”neutral” part by developing countries Norway has competence and expertise within fisheries and aquaculture which other countries regard as useful for their own development

10. Norwegian Dev. Cooperation in Fisheries and Aquaculture Bilateral cooperation: –AFRICA: Mozambique, Angola, Mauritius, South Africa, Namibia, Tanzania –ASIA: Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia –LATIN AMERICA: Nicaragua, Cuba Support to regional programmes: Benguela Current Commission, Bay of Bengal LME, EAF Nansen Project (LMEs), RFMOs, NACA, NansClim Multilateral, INGOs and NGOs: –FAO; World Fish Center (CGIAR), PROfish (World Bank),ICSF (International Collective in Support of Fishworkers), WWF Support schemes for private sector (investments, trade) –Companies need to document responsibility and sustainability; Focus now on the continental shelf initiative, fisheries management and –control, and climate change adaptation. Side/Page1002.10.2016

11. CORE FINDINGS of the EVALUATION OF NORWEGIAN DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR, by MRAG, London, & al (Febr. 2009) (1): The recipient country owns the project. Norway assists; Long term approach; Flexibility and responsiveness to changing conditions; Often protracted project development phase - and close partner dialogue; Side/Page1102.10.2016

12. Same people take part in project development and implementation Regular governmental institutions implement the project, not parallel project coordination structures Strengthening of national fisheries institutions Side/Page1202.10.2016 CORE FINDINGS of the EVALUATION OF NORWEGIAN DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR, by MRAG, London, & al (Febr. 2009) (2):

13. How much goes to fisheries/aquaculture? The share is around 0,5% of total Norwegian support to dev. cooperation Side/Page1302.10.2016