1. Culture & Demographics Chapter 3

2. Bases for community among Latinos Major themes: – Continuing high population growth – Broader geographic presence of Latinos throughout the United States Visible “impressions” about Latinos’ significant population growth & cultural persistence have reignited public interest in such communities.

3. Community Building Basic theme: – Grounded on the understanding that even though Latinos are ancestrally linked to a variety of countries… They have historic & cultural ties as well as common circumstances & conditions living in the United States. – Labels: “Latino” & “Hispanic” used to identify persons of Spanish origin » Long-established communities in the U.S. dating to 17 th century Latinos among both the oldest groups in America & the most recent newcomers.

4. Pan-ethnicity Pan-ethnic: – Group affinity is not automatic – nor is it always positive Latinos have stronger affinity w/ country of origin than “socially constructed” grouping or cluster called “Latino/Hispanic”

5. Essential to Latino Politics Bridging national-origin boundaries Developing an additional sense of being connected to: – others persons & communities of Spanish-origin ancestry & background.

6. Creation of Latino Communities Accomplished through: – Conscious efforts, policies, & – Consciousness raising by leaders & social institutions to create this additional social category. Chapter 3 provides: – Brief demographic profile of Spanish-origin communities – Demographics help identify important features of such populations – & essential background information contributing to a sense of being Latino in America

7. Population 1970 Census – 9.6 million Latinos/ 4.7% of total U.S. population By 2010 – Over 48.4 million Latinos/12.5% of total U.S. population Latino population increased by over 57% between 1990 & 2000 decennial census – Latino growth continues to outpace general non- Hispanic population.

8. Population Latinos are projected to exceed 100 million & compromise nearly ¼ of the total U.S. population in 2050. – Growth rate attributed to 3 factors: (1) Significant portions of the female population in the fertility age range – With a younger population & greater % of Latinas in the fertility age range, births as a contributor of growth will be higher in the future (2) Higher birthrates than the general population & (3) International migration – Spike in international migration evidenced in the mid-1990s remains significant as 52.4% of the contribution of Latino growth is attributed to net international migration.

9. Geography Two regions where Latinos gravitate in U.S.: – Midwest & South Southern Region: – Georgia, North Carolina, Arkansas, & South Carolina Midwest Region: – Rural Counties

10. Population Growth by Sub-group Mexican-origin community historical largest sub-group – Mexican origin, Mexican Americans or Chicanos 60% of all Latinos Puerto Ricans or Boricua population 2 nd largest component of Latino community 4.1 million persons Cubans or Cubanos are the next largest 3.5% of all Latinos

11. Sub-group by Demographics Central Americans: – El Salvador, Guatemala, Panama, & Nicaragua Spanish-speaking South American countries: – Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, & Argentina Spanish-speaking areas of the Caribbean: – Dominican Republic This segments include more immigrants & refugees (fewer native-born persons) are settling in both larger-established Latino communities & newer destinations in the South, Midwest, & New England.

12. Geography Top Ten states for Latinos: – California-Texas – New York-Illinois – Arizona-New Jersey – New Mexico-Colorado – Washington-Florida

13. Geography Washington D.C. – Central Americans New York City – Dominican & Colombian populations rivaling Puerto Ricans Florida – Puerto Ricans & Central Americans fastest- growing Latino sub-groups

14. Geography…what does it mean? Latino populations are the largest minority group in 27 states – In an increasing # of states, Latinos compromise more than 5% of states population This development illustrates that a Latino political presence has been established & Political mobilization is a critical element for further political development

15. Public Policy Public Policy aimed in support of Latinos – 1998 Texas governor George W. Bush: Bilingual Education reform & funding Opposition to anti-immigrant & English-only initiatives Public Policy that garnered increased Latino political participation & decreased support of Republican party – Betwn. 1994 & 1998, former CA. governor Pete Wilson: Supported several statewide propositions (e.g. against immigration, affirmative action, & bilingual education)

16. Public Policy Since 2003 – Rise in anti-immigrant state initiatives (e.g., Arizona Senate Bill 1070) Has had partisan effect Most part initiatives have been proposed & passed by Republican elected officials w/ substantial Latino protests.

17. Culture, Latinos, & Demographics Common perception: – Spanish language unifies Latinos For all Latinos, nearly 79.4% reported speaking Spanish at home while growing up. Speaking Spanish is a fairly universal experience for most Latinos. – Hence, English-only & loyalty issues continue to occupy the political landscape.

18. Culture, Latinos, & Demographics Latino communities are composed significantly of persons born in Spanish-origin countries. – Since 1970s, more Latinos have immigrated into the United States than members of any other group. The # of foreign-born Latinos varies across the different subgroups: – The Cuban community’s foreign-born members have refugee status with access to specific governmental assistance programs, while the rest of Latinos are viewed as economic migrants. – Puerto Rico is a commonwealth, & Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens.

19. Culture, Latinos, & Demographics Language & nativity (country of birth) are critical cultural dimensions that help define the Latino community of common cultures. – Cultural dynamics would be less likely to exist w/o the persistence of Spanish-language use & the steady influx of immigrants. A clear political connection for Latino communities with a significant foreign-born segment is either the extent or the lack of naturalization. – Citizenship status links directly w/ electoral participation. » 28 million foreign-born in the U.S. 41% are Hispanic

20. Culture, Latinos, & Demographics Even w/ such population gains, millions of eligible Latinos still have not applied for citizenship – & increased financial costs have been identified as an impediment. The consequences of lower #s of foreign-born Latino citizens are connected to elections, job opportunities, immigration petitions, and scholarship opportunities.

21. Communities of Interests Common experiences among a major segment of the Latino community: – Lower levels of educational attainment – Living in poorer school districts – Lack of available bilingual programs – & attending “lower-quality” schools

22. Communities of Interests: Educational Attainment General adult population over 25yrs. – Over 25% graduated from college – Over 80% graduated from high school Latino adult population over 25yrs. – Only 11% Latino males & 13% Latinas are college graduates – Less than 60% are high school graduates

23. Communities of Interests: Educational Attainment Indication that younger Latinos are completing more schooling than older ones; – However gap betwn. non-Latinos & Latinos is widening Additional consideration is educational attainment betwn. U.S.-born & foreign-born Latinos – 70% versus 42% are high school graduates

24. Communities of Interests: Employment Sector Labor force participation rates, especially for Latino males, have been higher than those for the general population – Latinos are more concentrated in blue-collar jobs & in the service, and manufacturing, & construction industries. Hence, if more Latinos tend to be occupationally “stratified” & located in particular industry sectors… – Then issues, problems, & union, or organizational connections serve as common bases for mobilization & action.

25. Communities of Interests: Employment Sector Additional significant feature lies in the difference between unemployment rates. – Latino unemployment for males & females is: 50 to 100% greater than for their non-Latino counterparts. There are measurable differences between most of the Latino subgroups & Cubans.

26. Communities of Interests: Labor Force The occupational location of Latinos is also influenced by nativity – U.S. born Latinos fare better occupationally As labor force participation rates continue to increase, especially for Latinas, all Latinos in the labor market will play a greater role in the: – composition of the workforce, contribute more to Social Security, & have more human resource labor force mobility Hence, issues like job mobility, job training, & educational preparation, labor market discrimination, & entrepreneurship become more salient issues for Latino communities.

27. Communities of Interest: Family Larger size of Latino families – 2.2 times more likely to include 5+ persons – 2/5 of Latino households include children younger than 18yrs. of age – Additional relevant aspect of Latino families, % of individuals born outside the U.S. – More than twice as many Latino-families have incomes under $10,000 as non-Latino families The household income difference for Latinos & non-Latinos creates a significant disparity, such lack of resources has implications in terms of socioeconomic mobility, political engagement, & organizational activities.

28. Communities of Interests: Family Among all family types (two parents, female headed, etc.), 3 times as many Latino families live below the poverty level as non-Latino families. – The interrelated factors of a youthful age structure, residential locations in central cities, & declining urban economies contribute to the situations of many Latino families. With the centrality of family as a positive value for many Latinos, the economic condition of a substantial segment of Latino families warrants concern & attention. – Hence, the linkage of family economic status as a common interest is quite likely.

29. Communities of Interests: Family Larger family Lower levels of family income & corresponding higher rates of family poverty… – Place Latino families at risk in terms of quality of life: (e.g. housing conditions, educational isolation, limited employment opportunities, economic segregation, & vulnerability to violent crime) – Which suggest both common ground & limited political resources to mobilize for effective change.

30. Conclusions A community of interests consists of similar socioeconomic conditions & statuses. – There are more similarities, or clusters of traits, among Latino subgroups than there are substantially differential statuses. The somewhat less similar group is the Cuban population. – The basis for a pan-ethnic community is evident & open to greater community-building efforts.

31. Conclusions cont’d Garcia does not suggest that either or both sets of similarities of culture & interests will automatically result in political empowerment or influence. – In essence, if some forms of community are present, then the accompanying factors of active & effective organizations & leadership can serve as a conversion component of political capital. i.e. political power