1. HOW TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

2. This is the basic structure of a talk: 1. Introduction 2. Main part (body) 3. Conclusion 4. Question & Answer session Plan your presentation carefully This means that you need to plan every part carefully. At this stage you are like a writer designing a piece of literary work.

3. Introduction Introduction is probably the most important part. The Purpose of the introduction is “to tell the audience what you are going to tell them”. You should remember that there is no second chance for a first bad impression; so do not start off badly. During the introduction you need to achieve the following aims: Gain A ttention attract I nterest create D esire stimulate A ction

4. Getting started - greeting the audience Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to my presentation. It’s very nice to see you all here today. Can we get started? Let me say just a few words about my background... What you need to do first is to greet your audience. Here are some useful phrases: Then you proceed to the introduction to your topic

5. Possible Introduction Scheme: 1. start with welcoming courtesies/introduce yourself 2. state the purpose of your talk 3. give a route map (tell them how long will your presentation take) 4. give the rules (do you allow to be interrupted or should your audience keep questions until the end)

6. Some useful phrases What I want to do this morning is to ….. My talk will take about 15 minutes. During my presentation, I’m going to be focusing on four main areas. If you have any questions, or comments you’d like to make, please don’t hesitate to stop me.

7. Language matters: Spoken vs. Written Style The language of presentations is different from the language that is used in publications or course books. The language used in books was meant for reading, so the sentences are rather complex and long, with lots of technical words. However, when we talk to someone we try to tell things in a simple and understandable way. The same goes for presentations. You should make your language as simple and clear as you can. This means that you cannot use the same text as you used in your reports but rather “adapt” and simplify the text, to make it easier for your audience to follow you.

8. Make your sentences short and simple. Apply the KISS principle: Keep it Simple Stupid. Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing: Toyota sold two million cars last year. Two million cars were sold by Toyota last year.

9. Signposting I’d like to... Let’s consider.. Let me now turn to... To go back for a moment... Let’s take a look at.. When you drive on roads you follow the signs and you cannot get lost. Similarly, when you give a presentation, you need to give signals to your audience to know where they are and what is coming next. They know it because you tell them by giving signposts at the beginning and all along the way. This technique is called 'signposting' (or 'signalling').

10. Look at this example: "I'll start by describing my interviewee’s career. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements he has made in the sector After that I'll give information about the questions I asked him during the interview and the answers he gave. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations."

11. Use singposting in your presentations Singposting is the halmark of the language of presentations. The more you use the signposting phrases, the lighter and easier the language becomes. Singposting phrases will help you lead your audience; they will know where you are going.

12. See the example below: Good afternoon everybody. I’d like to thank you all for coming here today and listen to me. I hope by the end of the day you will leave with a knowledge of what …. If you would like to take notes, please do so. However, all of you will be given a handout at the end of my presentation.

13. Signposting: I am going to talk today about a marketing expert by the name of ….. with whom I made an interview. Now, the main purpose of the talk, of my talk, is to outline the interview I held with this professional….

14. Signposting: Before doing so, I would like you to look at some general features which I hope you will find encouraging. Then I’ll move on to … Let’s look at some figures. I’ll put them on the screen now. As you can see…..

15. Ending your talk When you come to the end of your presentation you need to indicate this to the people. Don’t just end up abruptly without giving a conclusion.The purpose of the conclusion is to “tell the people what you have told them”. Follow this scheme: summarise facts give recommendations give proposals Thank the audience Invite questions

16. Ending your talk : useful phrases Thanking the audience & Inviting questions Thank you for your attention and if you have any questions I’ll be pleased to answer them. I’ll be happy to answer any questions. Are there any questions you’d like to ask? Wrapping up This brings me to the end of my presentation. Let me just run over the key points again… To sum up briefly… To conclude … As we’ve seen… So, my recommendation is …. I would welcome any suggestions.

17. Rehearsal Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your speech two or three times and also practise with your group. In this way you will: Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your speech two or three times and also practise with your group. In this way you will: –become more familiar with what you want to say –identify weaknesses in your presentation –be able to practise difficult pronunciations –be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary modifications

18. PRACTISE So practise, practise, practise! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Can you give good comments to your visuals? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these questions, you will become more confident. So practise, practise, practise! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Can you give good comments to your visuals? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these questions, you will become more confident.

19. Consider this in preparing your presentation: Simplify the text. Focus your material. You can’t say everything. Use transitions (signsposting) to move smoothly. Use examples, anecdotes, statistics to support your message. Use a lot of visuals to reinforce the message. Consider timing. Apply the KISS principle. Practise alone and with the whole group. Conclusion