1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Six Internal Control and Accounting for Cash

2. 6-2 Learning Objective 1 Identify the key elements of a strong system of internal control.

3. 6-3 Key Features of Internal Control 1.Separation of Duties 2.Quality of Employees 3.Bonded Employees 4.Required Absences 5.Procedures Manual 6.Authority and Responsibility 7.Prenumbered Documents 8.Physical Control 9.Performance Evaluations

4. 6-4 Separation of Duties When duties are separated, the work of one employee can act as a check on the work of another employee. The likelihood of fraud or theft is greatly reduced.

5. 6-5 Quality of Employees The ability of cross-trained employees to substitute for one another prevents disruptions in the workplace. Job rotation may help relieve boredom and increase productivity.

6. 6-6 Bonded Employees A fidelity bond provides insurance that protects a company from loss caused by employee dishonesty. To become bonded, an employee’s background is investigated.

7. 6-7 Required Absences An employee may be able to cover up fraudulent activities if he/she is always present at work. All employees should be required to take regular vacations and their duties should be rotated periodically.

8. 6-8 Procedures Manual Accounting and other important procedures should be written in a procedures manual. Periodically, management should conduct an investigation to see that required procedures are actually being followed.

9. 6-9 Authority and Responsibility General authority applies to all members of the organization. For example, all employees are required to fly coach and purchase airline tickets from a specific vendor. Specific authority applies only to a specific position within the organization. For example, all checks must be cosigned by the Controller and Treasurer.

10. 6-10 Prenumbered Documents Prenumbered forms are used for all important documents such as checks, purchase orders, receiving reports, and invoices. The use of prenumbered forms helps keep track of all forms issued during a particular period.

11. 6-11 Physical Control All companies should maintain adequate physical control over valuable assets that may be misappropriated. For example, inventory should be properly stored in a secure location. Serial numbers should be placed on all valuable assets to assist in a physical count of these assets.

12. 6-12 Performance Evaluation Internal controls should include independent verification of employee performance.Internal controls should include independent verification of employee performance. A physical inventory should be taken at least annually. An independent reconciliation between the general ledger balance and inventory should be compared to the inventory count.A physical inventory should be taken at least annually. An independent reconciliation between the general ledger balance and inventory should be compared to the inventory count. Auditors should evaluate the effectiveness of the control system.Auditors should evaluate the effectiveness of the control system.

13. 6-13 Limitations Internal controls can be circumvented by collusion among employees. Two or more employees working together can hide embezzlement by covering for each other. No system can prevent fraud.

14. 6-14 Learning Objective 2 Identify special internal controls for cash.

15. 6-15 Accounting for Cash Controlling Cash Cash receipts should be recorded immediately upon receipt and deposited intact daily. Cash disbursements should be made by prenumbered check. Up to date signature card should be maintained. A deposit ticket should be used for all deposits. A monthly bank reconciliation should be prepared by an independent party.

16. 6-16 Learning Objective 3 Prepare a bank reconciliation.

17. 6-17 Reconciling the Bank Account The bank reconciliation reports on the differences between the balance on the bank statement and the balance in the general ledger cash account. The reconciliation results in the true cash balance that will appear on the balance sheet.

18. 6-18 Reconciling the Bank Statement If an error is found on the bank statement, an adjustment for it is made to the unadjusted bank balance to determine the true cash balance. An error made on our books requires an adjusting journal entry to correct.

19. 6-19 Bank Reconciliation Green Shades Resorts, Inc. (GSRI) is preparing the bank reconciliation for the month of September. 1.The September 30 balance on the bank statement is $3,516.45, and the Cash general ledger balance on this date is $3,361.22. 2.There was a deposit in transit in the amount of $724.11. 3.The bank erroneously deducted a $25 check drawn on the books of Green Valley Resorts from our account. 4.At September 30 there were three checks outstanding. Check 639 dated 9/18, for $13.75; Check 646 dated 9/20, for $29.00; and Check 672 dated 9/27, for $192.50. More Information

20. 6-20 Bank Reconciliation 5.During the month of September the bank collected an account receivable for us in the amount of $940. 6.A check actually written for $36.45 for supplies was erroneously recorded in our records by the bookkeeper as $63.45. 7.The bank assessed a service charge of $8.40 for September and we deposited an NSF check in the amount of $289.51. Let’s prepare the bank reconciliation

21. 6-21 Bank Reconciliation

22. 6-22 Bank Reconciliation

23. 6-23 Bank Reconciliation

24. 6-24 Bank Reconciliation

25. 6-25 Bank Reconciliation

26. 6-26 Bank Reconciliation

27. 6-27 Adjusting the Books Every reconciling item that appears on the unadjusted book balance section requires a journal entry to adjust the general ledger cash balance to the true cash balance.

28. 6-28 Cash Short and Over When using a cash register, employees sometimes make mistakes in collecting cash or making change for customers. If the cash register does not reconcile by a small amount at the end of the day, we use an account called cash short and over to force a balance. Assume a cash register was to have a balance of $487.50, but contained only $486.50 at the end of the day.

29. 6-29 Learning Objective 4 Explain the use of a petty cash fund.

30. 6-30 Using Petty Cash Funds A petty cash fund is used to make small expenditures that cannot wait for the formal check- writing process. The fund is operated on an imprest basis. This means that when the fund gets low on cash it is replenished. The petty cashier is always responsible for the cash in the fund. This is an excellent internal control.

31. 6-31 Using Petty Cash Funds Establishing a $300 petty cash fund. Treasurer prepares a $300 check payable to the petty cash custodian. Petty cash custodian takes the check to the bank and gets $300 cash for the fund.

32. 6-32 Using Petty Cash Funds During the month the petty cash custodian paid out $66.00 for postage, $78.40 for delivery charges, $28 for cab fare to the airport for a salesperson, and $43.60 for supper money. The petty cash custodian asked for and received a receipt for each disbursement made this month. The fund is getting low on cash so the petty cash custodian requests that the fund be replenished.

33. 6-33 Using Petty Cash Funds Here is an analysis of the impact of the reimbursement. The journal entry to record the reimbursement would be:

34. 6-34 Using Petty Cash Funds Treasurer prepares a $216.00 check payable to the petty cashier. Petty cashier takes the check to the bank and gets $216.00 cash for the fund. The fund is now returned to its $300 balance.

35. 6-35 Learning Objective 5 Describe the auditor’s role in financial reporting.

36. 6-36 The Financial Analyst How can a financial analyst know that a company really did follow GAAP? Certified Public Accountants

37. 6-37 Materiality and Financial Audits Auditors do not guarantee that financial statements are absolutely correct—only that they are materially correct. Material Item An error, or other reporting problem, that would influence the decision of an average prudent investor.

38. 6-38 Types of Audit Opinions UnqualifiedAdverse Qualified Disclaimer

39. 6-39 Confidentiality The code of ethics for CPAs prohibits auditors from voluntarily disclosing information they learn as a result of their client relationships.

40. 6-40 End of Chapter Six