1. Counting on Failure 10, 9, 8, 7,…,3, 2, 1 Al Geist Computer Science and Mathematics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory September 12, 2006 CCGSC Conference Flat Rock, North Carolina CS Research Group Research sponsored by DOE Office of Science

2. Jul 2006 Nov 2006 Dec 2007 Nov 2008 54 TF 100 TF 1 PF 250 TF Cray XT3 Cray Baker Rapid growth in scale drives fault tolerance need Cray XT4 Eg. ORNL Leadership Computing Facility Hardware roadmap 54 TF (56 cabinets) 5294 nodes 10,588 proc 21 TB 25 TF 100 TF (+68 cab) 11,706 nodes 23,412 proc 46 TB 250 TF (68 quad) 11,706 nodes 36,004 proc 71 TB 1 PF (136 new cab) 24,576 nodes 98,304 proc 175 TB Today 20X scale change in 2 ½ years

3. 10 nodes a day “Estimated” failure rate for 1 Petaflop system With 25,000 nodes this is a tiny fraction (0.0004) of the whole system The RAS system automatically configures around faults – up for days But every one of these failures kills the application that was using that node! Today’s applications and their runtime libraries may scale but are not prepared for the failure rates of these systems ORNL 1 PF Cray “Baker” System 2008 Est: One every day or two today times 20

4. ’09 The End of Fault Tolerance as We Know It Point where checkpoint ceases to be viable MTTI grows smaller as number of parts increases Time to checkpoint grows larger as problem size increases time 2009 is guess Good news is the MTTI is better than expected for LLNL BG/L and ORNL XT3 a/b 6-7 days not minutes 2006 Crossover point

5. 8 Strategies for application to handle fault Restart – from checkpoint file [large apps today] Restart from diskless checkpoint [Avoids stressing the IO system and causing more faults] Recalculate lost data from in memory RAID Lossy recalculation of lost data [for iterative methods] Recalculate lost data from initial and remaining data Replicate computation across system Reassign lost work to another resource Use natural fault tolerant algorithms Need to develop rich methodology to “run through” faults Store chkpt in memory No chkpt Some state saved

6. Demonstrated that the scale invariance and natural fault tolerance can exist for local and global algorithms where 100 failures happen across 100,000 processes 8 (cont) Natural Fault Tolerant algorithms local global Finite Difference (Christian Engelman) – –Demonstrated natural fault tolerance w/ chaotic relaxation, meshless, finite difference solution of Laplace and Poisson problems Global information (Kasidit Chancio) – –Demonstrated natural fault tolerance in global max problem w/random, directed graphs Gridless Multigrid (Ryan Adams) – –Combines the fast convergence of multigrid with the natural fault tolerance property. Hierarchical implementation of finite difference above. – –Three different asynchronous updates explored Theoretical analysis (Jeffery Chen)

7. 7 / 24 System can’t ignore faults The file system can’t let data be corrupted by faults. I/O nodes must recover and cover failures The heterogeneous OS must be able to tolerate failures of any of its node types and instances. For example a failed service node shouldn’t take out a bunch of compute nodes. The schedulers and other system components must be aware of dynamically changing system configuration So that tasks get assigned around failed components Support simultaneous updates Parallel recovery from multiple node failures Fast recovery from fault Harness P2P control research

8. 6 Options for system to handle jobs Restart – from checkpoint or from beginning Notify application and let it handle the problem Migrate task to other hardware before failure Reassignment of work to spare processor(s) Replication of tasks across machine Ignore the fault altogether What to do? Need a mechanism for each application (or component) to specify to system what to do if fault occurs system

9. 5 recovery modes for MPI applications Harness project’s FT-MPI explored 5 modes of recovery. They effect the size (extent) and ordering of the communicators –ABORT: just do as vendor implementations –BLANK: leave holes –But make sure collectives do the right thing afterwards –SHRINK: re-order processes to make a contiguous communicator –Some ranks change –REBUILD: re-spawn lost processes and add them to MPI_COMM_WORLD –REBUILD_ALL: same as REBUILD except rebuilds all communicators, groups and resets all key values etc. May be time to consider an MPI-3 standard that allows applications to recover from faults

10. 4 Ways to Fail Anyway Validation of answer on such large systems Fault may not be detected Recovery introduces perturbations Result may depend on which nodes fail Result looks reasonable but is actually wrong I’ll just keep running the job till I get the answer I want Can’t afford to run every job three (or more) times Yearly Allocations are like $5M-$10M grants

11. 3 Steps to Fault Tolerance There are three main steps in fault tolerance Detection that something has gone wrong System – detection in hardware Framework – detection by runtime environment Library – detection in math or communication library Notification of the application, runtime, system components Interrupt – signal sent to job or system component Error code returned by application routine Recovery of the application to the fault By the system By the application Neither - Natural fault tolerance subscription notification Ace repair staff

12. 2 Reasons the problem is only going to get worse The drive for large scale simulations in biology, nanotechnology, medicine, chemistry, materials, etc. Require much larger problems (Space) Easily consume the 2 GB per core in ORNL LCF systems Require much longer to run (Time) Science teams in climate, combustion, and fusion want to run for couple months dedicated From Fault Tolerance perspective: Space means the job ‘state’ to be recovered is huge Time means that many faults will occur during a single run

13. Fault Tolerance Backplane DetectionNotificationRecovery Monitor Logger Event Manager Configuration Prediction & Prevention Autonomic Actions Recovery Services 1 Holistic Solution We need coordinated fault awareness, prediction and recovery across the entire HPC system from the application to the hardware. Middleware Applications Operating System Hardware CIFTS project underway at ANL, ORNL, LBL, UTK, IU, OSU “Prediction and prevention are critical because the best fault is the one that never happens”

14. Thanks Questions?