1. The United States in the Global Economy COI1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2. COI1-2 International Linkages United States Economy Other National Economies Goods & Services Capital & Labor Information & Technology Money LO1

3. COI1-3 World Trade Volume as a percentage of GDP Larger for small countries Larger for countries with restricted resources Dependence on world market Lack key resource Sell surplus goods LO2

4. COI1-4 Trade deficit Imports exceed exports Borrow from foreigners Sell real assets to foreigners Trade surplus Exports exceed imports Lend to foreigners World Trade LO2

5. COI1-5 Rapid Trade Growth Transportation technology Communications technology General decline in tariffs All nations participate LO2

6. COI1-6 United States Trade LO2

7. COI1-7 Specialization Shift resources to export industry Achieve higher overall output and income Absolute advantage Higher output per worker for a good Comparative advantage Lower domestic opportunity cost for a good LO3

8. COI1-8 Absolute advantage Higher output per worker for a good. A situation in which a person or country can produce more of a particular product from a specific quantity of resources than some other person or country.

9. COI1-9 Comparative advantage Lower domestic opportunity cost for a good. A situation in which a person or country can produce a specific product at a lower opportunity cost than some other person or country. The basis for specialization and trade.

10. COI1-10 Comparative Advantage LO3

11. COI1-11 Comparative Advantage Avocados020244060 Soybeans1510950 Mexico’s Production Possibilities Table (in Tons) Avocados030336090 Soybeans302019100 ProductABCDE U.S.’s Production Possibilities Table (in Tons) Production Alternatives LO3 Production Alternatives

12. COI1-12 Mexico will produce avocados U.S. will produce soybeans U.S. gives up 3 A for 1 S Mexico gains 4 A for 1 S Terms of trade 3.5 A for 1 S Both countries benefit Comparative Advantage LO3

13. COI1-13 Gains from trade Mexico starts at C (24 A and 9S) Move to E (60 A and 0 S) Trade 35 A for 10 S U.S. starts at T (33 A and 19 S) Move to R (0 A and 30 S) Trade 10 S for 35 A Overall gains? Comparative Advantage LO3

14. COI1-14 Exchange Rates One U.S. dollar will buy 54.54 Indian rupees 1.54 British pounds 1.01 Canadian dollars 12.01 Mexican pesos 0.95 Swiss francs 1.30 European euro 100.94 Japanese yen 1,087 South Korean won 6.58 Swedish kronors May 2013 LO4 Source: International Monetary Fund

15. COI1-15 Changing Exchange Rates Shifts in demand for currency Shifts in supply of currency Rise in dollar price of yen Dollar depreciates Currency appreciation LO4

16. COI1-16 Trade Barriers Protective tariffs Import quotas Nontariff barriers Export subsidies LO5

17. COI1-17 Reasons for Trade Barriers Misunderstanding gains from trade Political considerations Costs to society LO5

18. COI1-18 Multilateral Trade Agreements Trade Wars Long history of U.S. tariffs Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 Reduce tariffs Negotiating Authority Most-Favored-Nation Clause LO6

19. COI1-19 Multilateral Trade Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Equal trade treatment Reduction in tariffs Elimination of import quotas Uruguay Round 1995 LO6

20. COI1-20 Multilateral Trade Agreements World Trade Organization (WTO) Successor to GATT 151 nations belong Doha Round (Doha, Qatar) Trade negotiation Latest round 2001 LO6

21. COI1-21 Free Trade Zones European Union (EU) Established 1958 The euro zone North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Established 1993 Canada, Mexico, and U.S. LO6

22. COI1-22 Trade-Related Issues Trade adjustment assistance Offshoring of jobs Outsourcing Benefits and costs Fair-trade products The purpose LO7