2. ANIMALS ARE CONSUMERS ANIMALS OBTAIN ENERGY & MATERIALS FROM FOOD. ANIMALS INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT AND WITH OTHER ORGANISMS ANIMALS RESPOND TO SEASONAL CHANGES

3. Get Energy & Materials via food Animals are Consumers(need to get energy from another organism). Animals are Heterotrophs( feeds on or consumes other organisms) Some animals feed simply: Coral filters food from the water that moves through it; while most animals must search for food. Animals can be grouped by the type of food they eat: HERBIVORES: feed on plants/algae; CARNIVORES: feed on other animals; OMNIVORES: feed on plants & animals Others feed on dead remains (insects/vultures) while worms decompose the remains.

4. Get Energy & Materials via food To get energy & materials from food, all animals must first digest the food. Digestion: process of breaking down food (complex carbon compounds) into small enough pieces to be absorbed by cells. Digestive systems use physical & chemical activity to break down food (usually in tubelike cavities). Food enters one end, and waste the other end, while nutrients (usable parts of food) are absorbed into the body’s cells.

5. Get Energy & Materials via food Animals get energy via cellular respiration so need FOOD & O 2. Insects get O 2 by spiracles (tiny openings in body), fish have gills(pick up O 2 dissolved in water), other animals by lungs from air. Many animals take in large amounts of food at once, & store it in tissues. This lets them have more time to care for young & do other activities.

6. Interact with Environment & other Organisms Animals use digestive, respiratory, & circulatory systems to process foods. They use muscle & skeletal systems to provide movement & support. Nervous system lets them sense & respond to stimuli. BEHAVIOR: any observable response to a stimuli (bird drinking from puddle; lion chasing antelope). Some behaviors are present at birth or inherited(spider weaving webs); while others are learned(don’t attack porcupines). Are 3 categories of behaviors: Individual Behavior, Interactions between same species, Interactions between different species.

7. Animal Behaviors Individual behaviors: to meet basic needs (food, water, shelter, sleep, groom, temp.) Interactions between same species: social behaviors (between Parent & Offspring, and for attracting a mate). Also, some species cooperate (wolves hunt in packs, bees maintain hive). Others compete (for a mate or for territory). Interactions between different species: often for food. PREDATOR= hunts other animals for food while PREY= hunted animal for food source. Different species can also be cooperative (tickbirds remove ticks from impala’s skin)

9. ANIMALS RESPOND TO SEASONAL CHANGES Migration: movement of animals to different area in response to changing environment Monarch butterflies fly from Mexico & Southern CA north each spring laying eggs on milkweed plants as they go. Second generation then flies back to Mexico & CA as it gets cool in the fall. This is inherited behavior.

10. ANIMALS respond to seasonal changes Hibernation: a sleeplike state that lasts for an extended time period for nonmigratory animals Their bodies slow down so need less energy to survive (many frogs, turtles, fish, & some insects)