1. Technology in brain research Brain-imaging technologies

2. Invasive techniques Instead of invasive techniques such as ablation (removing) and lesioning (scarring), which raise serious ethical concerns due to: damage cannot be reversed Causing pain Potential harm unknown One can use…

3. Invasive techniques Remember Broca, Wernicke and Sperry and their patients and how they could have been studied differently today using modern technology

4. Cerebral hemispheres

5. Photographs taken during Penfeld's brainmapping experiments using an electrode to stimulate different areas of the brain. The numbered tags were used to identify specific brain areas.

7. Brain Scanning Techniques EEG (electroencephalogram) PET (positron emission topography) FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

9. EEG (electroencephalogram) The EEG registers patterns of voltage change (electrical activity) in the brain Help the researchers in the Study of sleep, emotions and epilepsy Weaknesses are: 1.provide only limited information 2.cannot reveal what is happening in the deeper brain regions 3.Cannot show the actual functioning of the brain (the electrodes are outside of the skull)

11. What is Happening in the Brain of a Person with ADHD ? Above is a sample Q-EEGs of two Attention Deficit Disorder children compared to two non- ADD ADHD children. The Attention Deficit Disorder children show excessive slow brainwave activity (theta and alpha ranges) compared to non- ADD ADHD activity. The slow brainwave activity indicates a lack of control in the cortex of the brain.

12. PET (positron emission topography) Monitors glucose metabolism in the brain (using up energy) The patient is injected with a dose of radioactive glucose The scans produce coloured maps of brain activity Used to: diagnose abnormalities like tumours, Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia Greatest advantage is: can record ongoing activity in the brain, such as thinking Weakness: less precise than fMRI Study: could meditation change brain activity? On p. 47

13. PET Scans Show Cigarette Smoke Affects Peripheral Organs with support from the National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy, shows that cigarette smoke also decreases levels of a critical enzyme called monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) in the kidneys, heart, lungs, and spleen. Too much or too little of this crucial enzyme can have an effect on a person's mental or physical health.

14. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) This scan expose the body to strong magnetic field, and the protons in the water inside our bodies will then change their position. Together with radio waves the changes will be detected by a scanner +: scan for tumours, no harmful radiation - : might be dangerous for those with metal, any movement can affect the pictures, no cause and effect Study: Ashtari et al. 2009 who investigated whether substance abuse (marijuana) can damage the developing brain in adolescents and young adults

16. FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) A modification of the MRI scan. Provides three-dimensional pictures of the brain structures, using magnetic fields and radio waves Shows actual brain activity (map metabolic changes) Higher resolution than PET scans and easier to carry out and more flexible than MRI scans The most frequently used today

17. FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) Provide a picture that shows increasing precision which parts of the brain are active while certain activities are being performed or when certain thoughts or emotions occur. Studies: Harris and Fiske 2006 who used fMRI scans to study students brains processes regarding out- groups. And Karl Kim and Joy Hirsch 1997 on p. 43

18. Brain scan 'can read your mind' An fMRI scan of the brain The researchers used scans of the brain to predict decisions Brain scans have been developed which it is claimed can predict what a person is about to do. German, British and Japanese scientists were able to "read minds" using sophisticated functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) and computer programs. Current Biology reported people were asked to think about adding or subtracting - scientists were able to read intentions in 70% of cases.

20. Evaluation of brain scans Weakness: not a natural environment, low ecological validity The use of colours may exaggerate the different activities of the brain Brain activates for various reasons – parts can be “lighted” but not necessarily used in the response …“we know that it is not possible to definitively determine whether a person is anxious or feeling connected simply by looking at activity in a particular brain region.” …“a one-to-one mapping between a brain region and a mental state is not possible.” Michael Shermer © 2008 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

21. Section A markbands SAQ app. 250 words/20 min Marks Level descriptor 0 The answer does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 1 to 3 There is an attempt to answer the question, but knowledge and understanding is limited, often inaccurate, or of marginal relevance to the question. 4 to 6 The question is partially answered. Knowledge and understanding is accurate but limited. Either the command term is not effectively addressed or the response is not sufficiently explicit in answering the question. 7 to 8 The question is answered in a focused and effective manner and meets the demands of the command term. The response is supported by appropriate and accurate knowledge and understanding of research. Command terms with definitions handout