1. 6-1 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY Chapter 6

2. 6-2 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 2 Toxicology Toxicology—the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms. VideoVideo Types: Environmental—air, water, soil Consumer—foods, cosmetics, drugs Medical, clinical, forensic

3. 6-3 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Toxicologists Toxicologists are charged with the responsibility for detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs. VideoVideo Toxicologists not only work in crime laboratories and medical examiners’ offices, but may also reach into hospital laboratories and health facilities to identify a drug overdose or monitor the intake of drugs. Careers video Careers video

4. 6-4 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Mathieu Orfilia – Father of Tox The father of toxicology was Mathieu Orfilia in the early 1800’s. His work mainly centered around arsenic. It was relatively easy to get because it was the rat poison of the day and was the favorite murder weapon among poor people.

5. 6-5 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Intoxicant vs. Poison: An intoxicant such as alcohol requires that a relatively large amount be added to be lethal. A poison, like cyanide, requires a relatively small amount to be fatal.

6. 6-6 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 6 Forensic Toxicology found in Postmortem—medical examiner or coroner Criminal—motor vehicle accidents (MVA) Workplace—drug testing Sports—human and animals Environment—industrial, catastrophic, terrorism. Video linkVideo link

7. 6-7 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Environmental Example: Love Canal New York An example of where forensic toxicology impacts the population is the Love Canal Disaster. VideoVideo

8. 6-8 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 8 Toxicology Toxic substances may: *Be a cause of death *Contribute to death *Cause impairment *Explain behavior

9. 6-9 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Life Example: Carbon Monoxide: Video Link

10. 6-10 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 10 Aspects of Toxicity Dosage The chemical or physical form of the substance The mode of entry into the body Body weight and physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex The time period of exposure The presence of other chemicals in the body or in the dose

11. 6-11 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 11 Lethal Dose LD 50 refers to the dose of a substance that kills half the test population, usually within four hours. Testing is usually done on animals that compare well to humans metabolism. Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight

12. 6-12 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 12 Toxicity Classification LD 50 (rat,oral)Correlation to Ingestion by 150-lb Adult Human Toxicity <1 mg/kga taste to a dropextreme 1–50 mg/kgto a teaspoonhigh 50–500 mg/kgto an ouncemoderate 500–5,000 mg/kgto a pintslight 5–15 g/kgto a quartpractically nontoxic Over 15 g/kgmore than 1 quartrelatively harmless

13. 6-13 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 13 Symptoms of Various Types of Poisoning Type of Poison 1. Caustic poison (lye) Characteristic burns around the lips and mouth of victim 2. Carbon monoxide Red or pink patches on the chest and thigh, unusually bright red lividity 3. Sulfuric acid Black vomit 4. Hydrochloric acid Greenish-brown vomit 5. Cyanide- Seizures, Burnt almond odor 6. Arsenic diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine, cramping muscles, stomach pain, and convulsions. 7. Methyl (wood) or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol Nausea and vomiting, unconsciousness possibly blindness

14. 6-14 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 14 To Prove a Case Prove a crime was committed Motive Intent Access to poison Access to victim Death was homicidal Death was caused by poison

15. 6-15 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

16. 6-16 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 16 Alcohol—Ethyl Alcohol (C 2 H 5 OH) Most abused drug in America About 40 percent of all traffic deaths are alcohol-related. Acts as a depressant Toxic—affecting the central nervous system, especially the brain Colorless liquid, generally diluted in water Alcohol appears in blood within minutes; 30–90 minutes for full absorption Detoxification—about 90 percent in the liver

17. 6-17 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Introduction A major branch of forensic toxicology deals with the measurement of alcohol in the body for matters that pertain to violations of criminal law.

18. 6-18 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 18 Rate of Absorption Depends on: Amount of alcohol consumed The alcohol content of the beverage Time taken to consume it Quantity and type of food present in the stomach Physiology of the consumer About 5 percent is excreted unchanged in breath, perspiration, and urine

19. 6-19 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Toxicology of Alcohol The analysis of alcohol exemplifies the primary objective of forensic toxicology—the detection and isolation of drugs in the body for the purpose of determining their influence on human behavior. Alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid normally diluted with water and consumed as a beverage. Like any depressant, alcohol principally effects the central nervous system, particularly the brain.

20. 6-20 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol on the Breath A major branch of forensic toxicology deals with the measurement of alcohol in the body for matters that pertain to violations of criminal law.

21. 6-21 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol & Circulatory System Humans have a closed circulatory system consisting of a heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

22. 6-22 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol & Circulatory System Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestines into the blood stream. Alcohol is carried to the liver where the process of its destruction starts.

23. 6-23 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol & Circulatory System Blood, carrying alcohol, moves to the heart and is pumped to the lungs.

24. 6-24 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol & Circulatory System In the lungs, carbon dioxide and alcohol leave the blood and oxygen enters the blood in the air sacs known as alveoli. Then the carbon dioxide and alcohol are exhaled during breathing.

25. 6-25 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

26. 6-26 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Toxicology of Alcohol The analysis of alcohol exemplifies the primary objective of forensic toxicology—the detection and isolation of drugs in the body for the purpose of determining their influence on human behavior. VideoVideo Alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid normally diluted with water and consumed as a beverage.

27. 6-27 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Breath Testers Breath testers that operate on the principle of infrared light absorption are becoming increasingly popular within the law enforcement community.

28. 6-28 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Toxicology of Alcohol Like any depressant, alcohol principally effects the central nervous system, particularly the brain.

29. 6-29 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol Levels Then the alcohol concentration slowly decreases until a zero level is again reached. Factors such as time taken to consume the drink, the alcohol content, the amount consumed, and food present in the stomach determine the rate at which alcohol is absorbed.

30. 6-30 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol Levels Elimination of alcohol throughout the body is accomplished through oxidation and excretion. Oxidation takes place almost entirely in the liver, while alcohol is excreted unchanged in the breath, urine, and perspiration. The extent to which an individual may be under the influence of alcohol is usually determined by either measuring the quantity of alcohol present in the blood system or by measuring the alcohol content in the breath.

31. 6-31 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol Levels Experimental evidence has verified that the amount of alcohol exhaled in the breath is in direct proportion to the blood concentration.

32. 6-32 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol and Law The American Medical Association and the National Safety Council have been able to exert considerable influence in convincing the states to establish uniform and reasonable blood- alcohol standards. Between 1939 and 1964 a person having a blood-alcohol level in excess of 0.15 percent w/v was to be considered under the influence, which was lowered to 0.10 percent by 1965. In 1972 the impairment level was recommended to be lowered again to 0.08 percent w/v. It remains there today.

33. 6-33 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Alcohol and Law To prevent a person’s refusal to take a test for alcohol consumption, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommended an “implied consent” law. Adopted by all states by 1973, this law states that the operation of a motor vehicle on a public highway automatically carries with it the stipulation that a driver will submit for a test for alcohol intoxication if requested or be subject to loss of the license.

34. 6-34 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Breath Testers Many types of breath testers are designed to analyze a set volume of breath. The captured breath is exposed to infrared light.

35. 6-35 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Breath Testers It’s the degree of the interaction of the light with alcohol in the captured breath sample that allows the instrument to measure a blood alcohol concentration in breath. Some breath testing devices also use fuel cells.

36. 6-36 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Field Testing Law enforcement officers typically use field sobriety tests to estimate a motorist’s degree of physical impairment by alcohol and whether or not an evidential test for alcohol is justified. The horizontal gaze nystagmus test, walk and turn, and the one-leg stand are all considered reliable and effective psychophysical tests.

37. 6-37 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Gas Chromatography Testing Gas chromatography offers the toxicologist the most widely used approach for determining alcohol levels in blood.

38. 6-38 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Gas Chromatography Testing Blood must always be drawn under medically accepted conditions by a qualified individual. It is important that a nonalcoholic disinfectant be applied before the suspect’s skin is penetrated with a sterile needle or lancet. Once blood is removed from an individual, its preservation is best ensured when it is sealed in an airtight container after an anticoagulant and a preservative have been added and stored in a refrigerator.

39. 6-39 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein The Confirmation Step The GC separates the sample into its components, while the MS represents a unique “fingerprint” pattern that can be used for identification. Once the drug is extracted and identified, the toxicologist may be required to provide an opinion on the drug’s effect on an individual’s natural performance or physical state.