1. Effects of Expansion on Native Americans 4-5.4 Explain how territorial expansion and related land policies affected Native Americans, including their resistance to Americans taking over the land, breaking treaties, and massacring the Native American people; the Indian Removal Act of 1830; and the Seminole Wars. (H,G, E)

2. Effects of Expansion on Native Americans In spite of treaties, settlements grew on Native American lands and hunting grounds. Native Americans lost their way of life. They were killed by European diseases and massacred in battles. A massacre is a bloody battle where many people are killed. The U.S. government forced those who survived onto reservations.

3. Northwest Territory The Land Ordinance of 1785 prohibited settlers from moving onto Native American lands. However, settlers did move on these lands. In 1794, George Washington sent “Mad” Anthony Wayne to the Ohio Valley. Wayne defeated the Native Americans.

4. Treaty of Greenville The Treaty of Greenville was signed in August 1795. Ten tribes including the Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Kaskaskia, and Wyandot signed the treaty.

5. Terms of the Treaty Under terms of the treaty, they ceded most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. In return, the United States gave the tribes goods such as tools, blankets, and domestic animals such as horses, cows, sheep, mules, and goats worth about $20,000.

6. New Boundary Lines The new boundary lines divided Native American lands and land open to settlers. However, not all tribes signed the treaty, and settlers disregarded the boundaries. They settled in Native American lands anyway.

8. The Great Plains Many fur trappers had moved west. There was a huge demand for leather and meat in the East. Buffalo hides and meat became valuable products. Fur companies hunted buffalo.

9. Native Americans and the Buffalo Native Americans depended on buffalo for their survival. Buffalo meat and skins provided food, shelter, and clothing.

10. Buffalo on the Great Plains Tens of millions of buffalo once freely grazed on the Great Plains. The Plains include Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of New Mexico, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, and Texas. There were so many buffalo that sometimes pioneers had to stop their journey because buffalo blocked the trail.

12. Buffalo’s days were numbered. The popularity of buffalo skins and meat in the East caused the killing of many buffalo. Military outposts and railroad construction crews also depended on buffalo meat and skins. In addition, sport hunters with their high- powered rifles killed up to 250 buffalo a day just for the fun of it.

13. 1890 By 1890, due to hunting and sport hunting, most of the buffalo were killed. From the nearly 60 million counted in 1810, only about 1,000 remained. This caused the Plains Indians, the Arrapaho, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, Sioux, Arikara, Mandan, Osage, and Pawnee, to rely on the U.S. government for their survival. The buffalo had been the Native Americans’ source of food, clothing, and shelter.

14. Native Americans and the Buffalo It is well-known now that the U.S. military supported the killing of buffalo to drive the Plains Indians off their land. The Native Americans were forced from their lands and gave or sold them to the U.S. government.

15. Reservations The Native Americans were sent to reservations. A reservation is a piece of land that is set aside for Native Americans. Native Americans who had once been hunters had to become farmers.

16. California and the Far West Pioneers went west for gold in California. The many Native Americans there had to leave their land. Diseases killed many. Many were massacred by whites. The Native American population in California had dropped from 200,000 in 1848 to 17,000 in the 1870s.

17. Difficulty for Native Americans Trouble had started long before for the Native Americans in the east and south. The settlers wanted the land for themselves. President Andrew Jackson forced the Native Americans to move. Land was available west of the Mississippi River. He thought this would help both the Native Americans and the settlers.

18. Difficulty for Native Americans The Native Americans did not want to leave their homes. They felt their customs would be destroyed by the move. A custom is a tradition in a culture. The government had made treaties with the Native Americans that protected their rights and properties. Treaties were broken by settlers who moved onto their lands and caused violence. The military was sent in. Native Americans lost their lands and had to move.

19. Indian Removal Act By the early 1800s, the United States’ population was growing in the south. The settlers, getting rich on cotton, wanted even more land to grow more of it. They asked the government to take land from the Native Americans.

20. Settlers Want More Land This land was home to the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole nations. In 1814, General Andrew Jackson commanded military forces against the Creeks. With their defeat, the Creeks had to cede land in southern Georgia and Alabama. Because the Seminoles helped runaway slaves in Florida, and because the U.S. wanted the land, Jackson’s forces invaded Florida in 1817.

21. Spain Sells Florida--$5 million Spain agreed to sell Florida to the U.S. The Seminoles’ days in Florida were numbered.

22. General Jackson Between 1814 and 1824, General Jackson made treaties with southern American tribes. He offered them land in the west in exchange for their land in the south. Some of the Native American tribes agreed. They hoped they could live in peace and away from harm.

23. Native Americans Lose Land With the agreement, the U.S. government now controlled land in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina. The Creeks signed a treaty for some of their land. Still, settlers took their land. The Creeks stole crops and livestock in return for the cruel treatment. Then fights broke out. The military was sent in. By 1737, 15,000 Creeks moved west. They never signed a treaty for the rest of their land.

24. Chickasaws The Chickasaws did not fight against moving west. They signed a treaty in 1832 for western land. The federal government agreed to protect them until they moved. Once again settlers moved in. The government did not protect the Chickasaws against the settlers.

25. Chickasaws The treaty was broken by the government. The Chickasaws moved west to live with the Choctaws. They moved there in 1837.

26. Native Americans Move By 1837, the government moved 46,000 Native Americans from their southern lands. Most members of five southeastern nations moved west. However, the Cherokee were determined to stay on their land.

27. The Cherokees and the Trail of Tears By the 1820s, the Cherokee had taken on the ways of the settlers. Their town, New Echota, Georgia, was the capital of the Cherokee nation. The town had stores that sold sugar, indigo, and china. There were blacksmiths, taverns, and eighteen schools. The Cherokee had hundreds of looms, thousands of spinning wheels, wagons, and thousands of plows. There were gristmills for grain, and sawmills.

29. Cherokee They had apple and peach orchards. Some Cherokee owned plantations and had slaves. The Cherokee published the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper and thousands of books on their printing press.

30. Cherokee Government Their government and constitution were modeled after the U.S. government. The Cherokee did not want to sell their land to the U.S. government or break treaties.

31. Elias Boudinot Elias Boudinot was the editor of the Cherokee Phoenix. He had attended college in Connecticut. After graduation, he returned to Georgia. He realized that to keep Native Americans from extinction, they must adapt to the settlers’ way of life. He saw New Echota as a model for Native American nations throughout the United States. Boudinot thought that Native Americans should have self-rule and control their own destiny. They could live alongside the settlers in peace. Boudinot traveled around the U.S. seeking support for his plan.

32. Elias Boudinot Boudinot’s plan did not work. Too many settlers would not accept the New Echota Cherokee as equals. There was a deep prejudice against Native Americans.

33. Cherokees and the Supreme Court The Cherokees wanted the land to grow cotton. They asked the government to take away their treaties. They took their case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee’s right to self-rule. Georgia refused to honor the Supreme Court ruling. President Jackson would not enforce the Supreme Court ruling.

34. Injustice

35. Indian Removal Act In 1830, Congress passed President Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act. Georgia sold the Cherokee land without asking the Cherokee. Federal soldiers went to New Echota and jailed many of the Cherokee. About 2,000 died from mistreatment. By 1838, only about 2,000 had migrated. Federal troops forced about 16,000 Cherokee out of New Echota. They started their march west to Oklahoma. This march was called the Trail of Tears.

36. About 4,000 Cherokee died on the grueling march from cold, hunger, and disease. The dream of self-government for Native Americans ended.

37. The Trail of Tears

38. Seminole Wars The Seminoles in Florida did not want to leave. They fought against the U.S. Army. The first Seminole War started in 1817. General Andrew Jackson and his forces invaded. They burnt down African American forts, burnt crops, and stole livestock. The first Seminole War ended in 1819. Spain and the U.S. signed a treaty for Florida in 1819 that was ratified in 1821.

39. Seminole Wars Southern settlers wanted to grow cotton. The government signed a treaty with the Seminoles in 1833 for their land. However, the Seminoles refused to move west. Another war broke out in 1835 and ended in 1842. Many lost their lives in this war. Many Seminole moved west.

40. Seminole Wars Even after two of the Seminole Wars there was a small population of Seminoles living in Florida. A third war broke out in 1855. This war lasted three years. The war ended in 1858. The government forced the Seminole to move west.

41. Write about the different ways in which settlers had an effect on Native Americans.

42. PASS Review Which best describes why the westward movement caused trouble for Native Americans? A) Settlers stole their belongings. B) Settlers took over their land. C) Settlers forced them to be slaves. D) Settlers burnt down their villages.

43. PASS Review What was the “Trail of Tears”? A) a Native American song B) the Native American newspaper C) the Cherokee’s forced march west D) a Native American dance Hint: The Trail of Tears was caused by the Indian Removal Act.

44. PASS Review What does the word “treaty” mean? A) kindness B) agreement C) kind of food D) party

45. PASS Review Which president was responsible for the Indian Removal Act of 1830? A) James Polk B) George Washington C) Andrew Jackson D) Thomas Jefferson