1. Chapter 9 Earth’s Changing Surface

2. crust the outermost and thinnest of Earth’s layers. There are two kinds of crust. Continental crust makes up all the lands of the continents. Oceanic crust lies beneath most of the ocean floor.

3. mantle the layer of Earth between the crust and the core. The top part of the mantle is solid hot rock. This top part of the mantle and the crust above it form the lithosphere.

4. core the center part of Earth which includes the liquid outer core and solid inner core. The core is made mostly of iron. The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid.

5. Lesson 1 Earth’s layers 1) – outermost and thinnest layer. 2) – makes up most of Earth’s material. Has some properties of liquid. 3) – liquid – currents make Earth’s magnetic field. 4) – solid made mostly of. = the top part of the mantle and the crust above it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiHRI_Z2Kgs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiHRI_Z2Kgs Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core iron lithosphere

7. Studying Earth’s layers 1)Studying the mantle material that is pushed up through cracks in the crust. 2) different kinds of vibrations. Seismograph 3) experiments Measuring Laboratory

8. Review List the layers of Earth from the outermost layer to the innermost layer. What is one way that scientists study Earth’s layers? What tool is used to measure vibrations from an earthquake? Is the inner core or outer core solid?

9. plate a large section of Earth’s crust and upper mantle. Several plates are larger than continents. Earth’s plates are slowly moving.

10. Lesson 2 What caused Earthquakes and Volcanoes? A section of the lithosphere is called a. Earth’s plates are slowly moving by moving into each other, pulling apart from each other, or grinding past each other. When they move they move 1cm – 24 cm per year. Mountains form, volcanoes erupt, and earthquakes strike usually where plates. plate meet

11. Earthquakes forces and processes build new features on Earth’s surface. forces and processes wear away or tear down features. One of the most exciting destructive processes happens during an. Most earthquakes happen at. are cracks in Earth’s crust where the surrounding rock has moved or shifted. The sudden movement and jerk of plates are what people feel as an earthquake. Constructive Destructive earthquake faults Faults

13. The place where the plates start to slip is called a. The place on Earth’s surface above a focus is called an. Energy from an earthquake can destroy things quickly. Earthquakes can cause tsunamis and landslides. Buildings in areas where earthquakes happen often are designed to be. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSgB1IWr6O4 http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci ence/rocks-minerals-landforms/earthquakes.htm focus epicenter flexible

14. Volcanoes Most volcanoes form near plate boundaries. Volcanoes can do more than ooze fountains of lava. Gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are often mixed with the lava. The state of is a string of islands formed from volcanoes reaching the surface of the water. Because of that volcanoes are sometimes considered a process. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci ence/rocks-minerals-landforms/volcanoes.htm colliding Hawaii constructive

15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Zbj7S22zs

16. Review What is a section of the lithosphere called? What 3 things can happen where plates meet? Where do earthquakes normally happen? What kind of plate boundaries do volcanoes form at? What kind of forces wear away or tear down features?

17. Mechanical weathering the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces by any physical force such as gravity. Water, wind, ice, or living organisms. Mechanical weathering of different rocks happens at different rates.

18. Chemical weathering the changing of materials in a rock by chemical processes. Since water is a large part of chemical weathering, areas with much rain will have more chemical weathering than deserts.

19. Lesson 3 – What is Weathering? Weathering is a slow process that breaks rocks into smaller pieces called sediments. Two types of weathering 1) weathering – the breaking of rock into smaller pieces by forces. Due to gravity, ice, or plant roots. 2) weathering – the changing of materials in a rock by chemical processes. destructive Mechanical Chemical

20. Mechanical (physical) Weathering Ice wedging – ice in the crack of a rock causes it to break apart. Changes in pressure Roots growing into cracks and breaking the rocks apart. Certain types of rocks can be weathered faster than other because of their. materials

21. Chemical Weathering Rocks are also broken down by the actions of chemicals during weathering. Raindrops absorb carbon dioxide from the air. This makes a chemical called carbonic acid. Some rocks are affected by chemical weathering than others. Ex. Limestone weathers more quickly than. Areas with a lot of have more chemical weathering than deserts. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci ence/rocks-minerals-landforms/weathering-and- erosion.htm chemical faster granite rain

22. Mechanical weathering and chemical weathering help make. Soil is usually made from sediments. There are many kinds of soil. Color can be red, brown, black, or gray. Most plants grow best in soils with large amounts of decayed matter. Layers of soil 1) – top layer, very fertile 2) Subsoil – 2 nd layer, different color 3) – nearly solid rock – bedrock eventually becomes sediment in soil. soil topsoil bedrock

23. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/stu dyjams/jams/science/rocks- minerals-landforms/soil.htm

24. Review What is the difference between chemical and mechanical weathering? In what areas is there more chemical weathering? What do mechanical and chemical weathering help make? Do materials weather at different rates?

25. erosion The movement of materials away from a place. Erosion is a destructive process.

26. deposition the placing of the materials in a new place. Deposition is a constructive process.

27. Lesson 4 – What is erosion? is the movement of materials away from a place. Destructive process. is the placing of the materials in a new place. Constructive process. is a main force causing erosion. Ex landslides causes erosion in many ways. – Rivers flowing, ocean currents, and rainwater running over fields. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyysL02ZvQ8 Erosion Deposition Gravity Water

28. Other types of erosion erosion is caused by wind blowing dust, soil, or sand from one place to another. Wind erosion can cause sand dunes to be moved. Wind erosion can cause serious problems on farms. Winds can blow off fields. Planting trees and doing less plowing can prevent some. Wind topsoil erosion

29. Review Define erosion. Define deposition. What is the main force that causes erosion? What is one thing farmers do to prevent erosion?

30. Lesson 5 minerals You can identify a mineral by describing its characteristics. – are natural occurring solids that have a regular arrangement of particles in it. Minerals are found in soil and rocks. Minerals can be classified by magnetism, hardness,, shape,, and texture. Streak – to see a mineral’s streak, you rub it on a hard, rough, white surface. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/ja ms/science/rocks-minerals- landforms/minerals.htm Minerals luster streak

31. Review Identify 4 properties that are used to identify minerals? What is a mineral? How is a minerals streak determined?

32. Igneous rock type of rock formed when lava or magma cools and hardens. Melted rock that cools slowly results in igneous rocks with large crystals of minerals. If it cools quickly it will result in igneous rocks with small crystals. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci ence/rocks-minerals-landforms/igneous-rocks.htm

33. Sedimentary rock type of rock formed when sediments are pressed and cemented together. Gravel quarries and areas near beaches are good places to find sedimentary rocks. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/ja ms/science/rocks-minerals- landforms/sedimentary-rocks.htm

34. Metamorphic rock a type of rock formed when existing rock is heated at high pressures and temperatures. In metamorphic rock under low pressure, fine, thin layers are formed, like in slate. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci ence/rocks-minerals-landforms/metamorphic- rocks.htm

35. Lesson 6 Rocks Three kinds of rocks. 1) rock – formed when melted rock cools and hardens. Granite, basalt, pumice 2) rock – form when layers of materials and rock particles settle on to of each other and then harden. and conglomerate 3) rock – solid rock squeezed and heated to high temp. the particles inside the rock can take on diff. arrangements, changing the properties of the rock. Gneiss, slate Igneous Sedimentary sandstone Metamorphic

36. The cycle is not a one way chain of events. Rocks can change from one kind to another in any order, or stay the same for of years. Rock layers at Earth’s surface are than the rock layers below them. Fossils found in rock layers are considered to be than fossils found in lower layers. rock millions younger upper younger

37. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci ence/rocks-minerals-landforms/rock-cycle.htm

38. Review Name the three different types of rock. What kind of rock is sandstone? Why does some igneous rock have larger crystals than others? How are sedimentary rock layers used by scientists to learn about the past?