1. 1 Origins of Life The Earth formed as a hot mass of molten rock about _____ billion years ago (BYA) -As it cooled, _______________________ were formed from water condensation _______________ spontaneously ______________these early __________ Life may have infected Earth ____________ __________________________________

2. 2 Fundamental Properties of Life Cellular organization Sensitivity Growth Development Reproduction Regulation Homeostasis Heredity

3. 3 Conditions on Early Earth ___________________ emerged between ___________________________________ Early atmosphere had _________________ -__________________________________ In 1953, Miller and Urey did an experiment that reproduced this early atmosphere -Used electrodes to simulate ____________ -__________________________________ were generated in their apparatus

4. 4 Evolution of Cells _____may have been _________________ __________________________________ polymerized into ____________________ Metabolic pathways emerged ___________________________ became living cells with _____________________ Several innovations contributed to diversity of life -____________________

5. Classification of Organisms In the 1750s, Carolus Linnaeus instituted the use of, or In the 1750s, Carolus Linnaeus instituted the use of _____________________, or ____________________ Ex: Homo sapiens

6. 6 Classification of Organisms __________________ is the science of classifying living things -A _______________ _________ is called a __________ Scientific names avoid the confusion caused by common names

7. 7 The Linnaean Hierarchy Taxa are based on ______________ _____________ Hierarchical classification Panthera pardus Panthera Felidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

8. 8 Limitations of the Hierarchy -Linnaean taxonomy does _____take into account ___________________________ -Linnaean ranks are not equivalent -Legume family (16,000 species) -Cat family (36 species) The ________________________________ __________________________________ revolution is underway (molecular analysis- hierarchies reexamined)

9. Systematics Since fossil records are not complete, scientists rely on other types of evidence to establish the best ____________________ __________________________________ Systematics: ______________________ __________________________________ Phylogeny: a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species

10. 10 Darwin envisioned that _________ __________________________ He depicted this history of _______ __________________________ _ Now called a _________________ _____ of a tree represent existing _______________ _________________________ __________________________ _ the pattern of ________________ back in time to a single common ancestor Darwin called this process “ _____ Systematics

11. 11 ______________________________________ _____________________________________ Systematics

12. 12 Key to interpreting a phylogeny: look at _____________ _______________ _______________ _______________ a common ancestor Similarity may not accurately predict evolutionary relationships Systematics Panthera pardus (leopard) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis FelidaeMustelidaeCanidae Carnivora Order Family Genus Species

13. 13 Cladistics Derived characteristic: similarity that is inherited from the ____________________ ____________________of an entire group Ancestral: similarity that ______________ _________________________ of the group In ________________________________ _______________________are considered informative about evolutionary relationships To use the cladistic method character variation must be identified as ancestral or derived

14. 14 Examples of ancestral versus derived characters Presence of hair is a shared derived feature of mammals Presence of lungs in mammals is an ancestral feature; also present in amphibians and reptiles Cladistics

15. 15 Characters can be any aspect of the __________________ –_______________- ____________ –______________- __________ Characters should exist in recognizable character states –Example: Teeth in amniote vertebrates has two states, present in most mammals and reptiles and absence in birds and turtles Cladistics

16. Constructing a cladogram Salamander TAXA Turtle Leopard Tuna Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) 000 00 1 000 01 1 000 11 1 001 11 1 011 11 1 Hair Amniotic (shelled) egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column (backbone) Leopard Hair Amniotic egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column Turtle Salamander Tuna Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) (a)Character table. A 0 indicates that a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present. (b)Cladogram. Analyzing the distribution of these derived characters can provide insight into vertebrate phylogeny. CHARACTERS