1. Python 3.0 (Py3K) Introduction Authors:timchen119.nospam.at.gmail.com ( 使徒提姆 ) Location: Taiwan COSCUP 2008 Date: 2008/08/24 Blog: http://timchen119.blogspot.com This document has licensed as CC-SA 2.0

2. Topic ● Introduction ● New syntax ● New Feature ● Migratation

3. Introduction ● Python is a dynamic object-oriented programming language that can be used for many kinds of software development. ● Last Stable Release: Python 2.5.2 (February 22, 2008) ● Last Beta Release: Python 2.6beta2 and 3.0beta2 (July 17, 2008) ● Python 3000, Python 3.0 and Py3K are all names for the same thing.

4. Introduction (cont.) ● The actual Python release will be referred as Python 3.0. ● Sep 03 2008: Python 2.6 and 3.0 final released. (planned) ● Python 2.6: a transitional release to help prepare code for Python 3.0.

5. Python 3.0 IS... ● backwards-incompatible. ● remove some previous design mistakes. ● reviewing and improving standard library modules. ● django and some python modules may have tools to generate python 2.x/3.0 code from single code base.

6. What is NOT changed ● Guido said in PEP 3099. (PEP: Python Enhancement Proposals) ● Python 3000 will NOT be a rewrite from scratch. ● Python 3000 will NOT be case-insensitive. ● self will NOT become implicit.

7. What is NOT changed (cont.) ● lambda will NOT be renamed. ● NO braces. (from __future__ import braces) ● The global statement WILL stay.

8. print() ● from statement to function ● 2.x you can: print("Hello") or print "Hello" ● 3.0 you have to add () ● raw_input(now input) was a function ● print >> open("test.txt","w"), "1","2","3" → (X) ● print("1", "2", "3", file=open("test.txt","w")) → (O)

9. format() ● in python 2.x:: – t=[1,2,3];"abc%s" % t -> 'abc[1, 2, 3]' – t=(1,2,3);"abc%s" % t -> TypeError ● format() #PEP 3101 ● can define __format__() special method ● "%14.12s" % "hello world! hello!" ==> format("Hello world! Hello World!",">14.12")

10. Python 3.0 Hello World 101 ● print("hello world!") ● (lambda:print("hello world!"))() ● print("hello {what}".format(what='world!')) ● print("{0} {1}".format('hello','world!')) ● print("hello {0.name}".format(open('world!', 'w'))) ● print("hello {0[what]}".format(dict(what='world!'))) ● print("hello {0[what]}".format({'what':'world!'}))

11. unicode ● unicode(charset) is not utf-8 (bytestring). ● unicode == str now. (no unicode type in 3.0) ● add a bytes type, bytes('test','utf-8') ● ' 開源 '.encode('utf-8')==> b'\xe9\x96\x8b\xe6\xba\x90' ● ' 開源 '.encode('cp950')==> b'\xb6}\xb7\xbd' ● Unicode(2.x) -> str(3.x) ● str(2.x) -> bytes(3.x)

12. abc,collections ● PEP 3119 ● Abstract Base Class ● module collections ● OOP term 'Invocation' : object.method() ==> implies polymorphis ● polymorphism: 'type-of object'.method() : may run different code when types different. ● duck typing polymorphism: assume object is a duck if it can quacks. -- inspection style, check from external. (did not use object's method to check)

13. a situation without using abc ● Situation: you want to accept iterables from one of following datatypes: dict or tuples. ● you use hasattr(my_iterables,'items') ● may lead to unexpected behavior. ● does it support dict-like objects? isn't that main advantages to use duck-typing ? ● what is a dict?

14. abc,collections (cont.) ● there maybe a dict without __contains__ and have has_key() function. ● here comes abc ==> Abstract base classes ● what to inspect? there are too many stuffs in a python object to check. ● abc and collection modules intends to answer these questions: – what is a 'MutableMapping' ? – what is a 'Iterable' ? – and what is a 'MyAbstractType' ?

15. abc,collections (cont.) ● isinstance([], collections.MutableSequence) ● @abstractmethod, @abstractproperty

16. abc example ● http://lucumr.pocoo.org/cogitations/tag/py3k/ http://lucumr.pocoo.org/cogitations/tag/py3k/ ● Python2 try: iter(obj) except TypeError: do_something_with_not_iterable_object(obj) else: do_something_with_iterable_object(obj)

17. abc example (cont.) ● Python3 from collections import Iterable if isinstance(obj, Iterable): the_object_is_iterable() else: the_object_is_not_iterable()

18. abc (cont.) ● your custom class doesn't need to inherit from the base class. ● how to do it? ● collections.Iterable.register(myclass) ● how to register your module to abc: from _yourlinkedlist import YourLinkedList from collections import Sequence Sequence.register(YourLinkedList)

19. abc (cont.) ● your C extension module works great. ● io.IOBase, io.BufferedIOBase ● StringIO,cStringIO --> io ● abc --> the pythonic way to do both traditional OOP and duck-typing polymorph in the same time. ● "There should be one and preferably only one obvious way to do it".

20. nonlocal ● PEP 3104 ● python 2.1+ name resolution: LEGB (local => enclosed => global => builtins) ● nested scoping was added when python 2.1 introduced. ● local was always first checked, so if you assigned a local varible in a scope it assume that 'name' is a local, it's too bad for a closure. ● there was some working arounds, however python 3.0 add a keyword: nonlocal.

21. closure (it's read-only) ● python 2.x def get_counter_py2(): x = 0 def f(): x += 1 return x return f add1 = get_counter_py2() print add1();print add1();print add1()

22. closure (it's read-only) python 2.x error:: Traceback (most recent call last): File "counter.py", line 10, in print next() File "counter.py", line 4, in f x += 1 UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment

23. closure(cont.) closure working around in 2.x (1):: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/ 474122 def get_counter_traditional(): x = [0] def f(): x[0] += 1 return x[0] return f

24. closure(cont.) closure working around in 2.x (2):: def get_counter_neat(): def f(): f.x += 1 return f.x f.x = 0 return f ● "To describe something as clever is NOT considered a compliment in the Python culture." -- Alex Martelli (Python Cookbook 2nd.)

25. closure with nonlocal(cont.) py3k used nonlocal:: def get_counter_py3k(): x=0 def f(): nonlocal x x += 1 return x return f add1 = get_counter_py3k() print(add1());print(add1());print(add1())

26. closure with nonlocal(cont.) py3k used nonlocal:: def get_counter_py3k(x): def f(): nonlocal x x += 1 return x return f next = get_counter_py3k(1) print(add1());print(add1());print(add1()) * "There should be one and preferably only one obvious way to do it".

27. function annotations ● PEP 3107 -- completely optional. ● def foo(a: 'x', b: 5 + 6, c: list = [5,2,3]) -> max(2, 9): pass ● foo.__annotations__ -> {'a': 'x', 'c':, 'b': 11, 'return': 9} ● you could think as a compile time comment for function. ● intend to used by third-party libraries. ie: typecheck ● "There should be one and preferably only one obvious way to do it".

28. Misc. __package__:: PEP 366 -- Main module explicit relative imports Extended unpacking:: x,*y = range(6) a,b,*c = {1:2,3:4,5:6}

29. Misc. (cont.) map() filter() reduce() and list compresion:: map() and filter() becomes iterator and still in builtins reduce() placed in functools module range():: next(range(10)) : TypeError: range object is not an iterator

30. migrate py3k use 2to3 * /usr/bin/2to3 (/usr/local/bin/2to3) 2to3 -w 2.py:: --- 2.py (original) +++ 2.py (refactored) @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ -print 'hi' +print('hi') RefactoringTool: Files that were modified: RefactoringTool: 2.py

31. Conclude ● a lot of stuff changed. (there're still lots of stuff we don't mention changed!) ● you could still use python 2.x and wait python 3.x matures. ● 2.6+ will recieve backports from python 3.0 ● from __future__ import py3k