1. ILC Main Linac Beam Dynamics Review 2013.05.28 K. Kubo

2. Low Emittance Preservation in ILC ML Wakefields of cavities : Not very significant because of the large aperture of the cavities. And we can reply on Mechanical alignment (~300  m) and For multi-bunch effect, (natural) frequency spread of resonant modes (~0.1%). Dispersive effect, caused by Quad offset and Cavity tilt will need more careful cures. Static effect Dynamic effect

3. Alignment and Beam Orbit in Curved Linac, Following earth curvature

4. Design orbit w.r.t. the reference line and dispersion Injection orbit and dispersion are non-zero, and should be matched to the optics. Not zero

5. Requiring cavity misalignment < 300 um, single bunch transverse wakefield effect is not significant. BBU: BNS Damping/Auto-phasing is not necessary. – RF phase vs. beam chosen for minimizing energy spread. – This choice makes the Dispersive Effect minimum. Single bunch WakeField

6. Wakefunction envelope from HOMs (from TESLA-TDR) with/without random detuning (50 cavities) and damping No detuning Random detuning  f /f=0.1% Multi-bunch Wakefield – Rely on random detuning

7. ILC ML static errors and cures Agreed “standard” errors: Next page – Random Gaussian distributions are used for most studies DMS (Dispersion Matching Steering) correction as standard correction method – For dispersion measurement, change beam energy 10% ~ 20% – BPM scale error is important  non-zero design dispersion – Simulation studies using many different codes and by different persons. Other methods (Kick minimum, Ballistic, wake bumps, etc.) as additional or alternative corrections. No serious problem expected. – An example shown: next-next page

8. Simulation code bench marking We rely on simulations and many codes have been developed. Most of them were compared and checked to be consistent. J. C. Smith, et.al., “Benchmarking / Crosschecking DFS in the ILC Main Linac” FERMILAB-TM-2373-CD, SLAC-TN-06-035

9. ErrorRTML and ML Coldwith respect to Quad Offset300 μmcryo-module Quad roll300 μraddesign RF Cavity Offset300 μmcryo-module RF Cavity tilt300 μradcryo-module BPM Offset (initial)300 μmcryo-module Cryomoduloe Offset200 μmdesign Cryomodule Pitch20 μraddesign “standard” alignment errors BPM resolution (fraction of beam pulse) 1  m BPM scale error5% BPM Agreed “standard” errors

10. “Standard” static errors + BPM resolution 1um + DMS K.Kubo LCWS 2011 Oregon  E init : Change of initial energy for dispersion measurement Final Energy was changed Keeping the total length of linac

11. ILC ML major dynamic errors SourceAssumption (Tolerance) Induced orbit jitter Induced emittance growth Quad vibration (offset change)100 nm1.5 sigma0.2 nm Quad+steering strength jitter1E-41 sigma0.1 nm Cavity tilt change3 urad0.8 sigma0.5 nm Cavity to cavity strength change, assuming 300 urad fixed tilt 1%0.8 sigma 0.5 nm Pulse to pulse and in each pulse (flatness) ML 15 GeV to 250 GeV The orbit jitter will be corrected in post-linac fast feedback Hard to correct (Affecting Transverse Motion)

12. Emittance growth along ML Cavity tilt random change 15 urad, equivalent to Fixed 300 urad + 5% gradient change Emittance growth proportional to square of the change Emittance growth by Cavity tilt 5% gradient change Gradient change 1%  emittance growth 1/25 of this figure.

13. Energy upgrade Ebeam 250 to 500 GeV ML starts from 15 GeV in both old and new linac. Special quad magnets for low energy part, 15 to 25 GeV. Keep most part of old linac (25 to 250 GeV) as downstream part of new linac (275 to 500 GeV). – Strength is limited. Strength at 250 GeV of old linac. Upstream part of new linac (15 to 250 GeV) identical to the old linac (FODO). FOFODODO for E_beam > 250 GeV – For keeping vertical dispersion small (following earth curvature). 15 GeV 25 GeV 250 GeV 500 GeV 15 GeV 25 GeV 275 GeV

14. FODO FOFODODO Vertical dispersion

15. Simulation results of DFS with “standard” static errors + BPM Scale error 5% average of 40 seeds

16. Other considered issues, examples Coupler wake and RF transverse kicks – No problem because of short bunch length (compare with in RTML) Emittance dilution in undulator for e+ production – Dispersive effect will be small, with orbit correction. – Wakefield in the narrow beam pipe can be significant. No problem with movers. Specification of magnet change speed – For BBA, or startup after shutdown, etc. – Required speed will be achievable without serious R&D. Quadrupole: 0.01 T/m*m/s (0.033%/s) Steering: 3E-4 Tm/s (0.6%/s)

17. Possible Further studies (some studies already exist but not completed) Studies with realistic alignment model – Alignment engineers and beam dynamics physicists should agree. More realistic DMS procedure – E.g. Simulations combined with upstream (RTML) Optics choice, for making less sensitive to BPM scale error. – See next slide Simulations with failed components (BPM, Cavities, Magnets),,, RTML-ML-BDS combined studies,,, None of these are expected to be critical.

18. Vertical Orbit and Dispersion Base line optics (same as RDR) and new possible optics K.Kubo, ILC-CLIC-LET-Workshop, 2009 CERN