1. Topographic Ocean Descriptions Simmons/Bellerand

2.  Capillary Action  Density  Universal Solvent  Polarity  Surface Tension  Buoyancy  Specific Heat What are the 7 properties of water?

3.  The area where land meets the sea  Rocky Shores  Coast line  Constantly changing water levels Intertidal Zone

4.  It includes the area where fresh water meets salt water= Estuary  The rivers that flow into estuaries can carry pollutants ex. Pesticides, sewage and industrial waste Intertidal Zone

5.  The area from low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf.  Large variety of organisms live here  Most of the worlds fishing grounds found here.  Upwellings Support Life in Temperate Seas- unitedstreaming.com Neritic Zone

6.  The kelp forest is made of seaweed called giant kelp.  Giant kelp grows in cool coastal waters where sunlight can go down to a rocky sea floor.  Kelp needs sunlight in order to grow  Kelp consists of at least three parts: the holdfast, stripe, and blade.  Giant kelp is one of the world's fastest growing plants. It can grow as much as 300 feet in a single year. Kelp Forest

7.  The kelp forest provides shelter and protection for many animals. Kelp (cont.)

8.  The movement of cold water upward from the deep ocean.  As the winds blow away the warm surface water cold water rises and replaces it.  Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, minerals and other nutrients from the deep layers of the water. Upwellings

9.  Why are huge schools of fish usually found in zones of upwelling?  Upwelling booklet- due at the end of the period/Mon.  Title- Children’s Story about Upwelling how does it happen  Pictures necessary  Upwelling cont.

10.  Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on earth because of warm water and abundant food supply.  Each component of a coral reef is dependent upon and interconnected with countless other plants, animals and organisms. Coral Reef

11.  Coral is a substance that is formed by the skeletons of sea animals  Harder - Coral is a limestone formation formed in the sea by millions of tiny animals called polyps. Coral is a substance that is formed by the skeletons of sea animals Harder - Coral is a limestone formation formed in the sea by millions of tiny animals called polyps.

12.  Coral animals cannot live in water cooler than 65 °F (18 °C), therefore coral reefs are found mostly in warm, shallow, and tropical seas.  Coral reefs are in danger because of water pollution from sewage and agricultural runoff.  When a coral reef dies it leaves a skeleton of calcium carbonate young corals attach themselves to the old skeleton to start a new cycle. Coral Reefs (cont.)

13.  Smallest of the 5 oceans  Located between Europe, Asia, and North America  A network of air, oceans, rivers and land routes  Resources- Oil, gas fields, fish (marine mammals-whales and seals, sand, gravel, precious stones, nodules Arctic Ocean

14.  Endangered marine species, ie, walrus, whales, polar bears  Fragile ecosystem that is very slow to recover from damage.  However, the Antarctic ozone hole has caused the amount of phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean to drop by as much as 15% which could eventually have an impact on the whole food chainAntarctic ozone hole Arctic Ocean

15.  A hydrothermal vent is a geyser on the seafloor.  It supports a diverse community of organisms.  They have been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and most recently, the Arctic Ocean.  Most occur at an average depth of about 2,100 meters (7,000 ft) in areas of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Ocean Ridge system. Hydrothermal Vent

16.  It heats up to 300-400 degrees C and is very corrosive.  http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hyd rothermalvents/index.html# http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hyd rothermalvents/index.html# Hydrothermal Vent (cont.)

17.  Oceans cover about 70% of the Earths surface.  The oceans contain about 97% of the Earth’s water supply.  There are 4 recognized oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic.  The oceans greatly affect weather and temperature. Currents distribute heat energy around the globe, helping to cool and heat the land near it. Ex. Land and sea breezes Open Ocean

18.  Average depth is about 2.4 miles (40 laps in the gym)  Avg. temp is 39 degrees F  Flora- seaweed, algae, sea grasses, and marine flowering plants  Fauna- worms, jellies, corals, sea anemones, mollusks (invertebrates)  Vertebrates- fish, birds, mammals, plankton, Open Ocean (cont)

19.  Threats- offshore oil drilling, oil spills, pollution, overfishing, habitat destruction, and climate change. Open Ocean (cont)