1. Big Picture: In the late 1800s, the federal government relocated Native Americans to vastly smaller homelands. Immigrants, African Americans, and white Americans eagerly moved into the new frontier to mine, ranch, and establish farms. CHAPTER 13: THE AMERICAN WEST

2. Main idea: Native Americans fought the movement of settlers westward, but the U.S. military and the persistence of American settlers proved too strong to resist. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 1: THE FIGHT FOR THE WEST

3. Stage Set for Conflict Culture of the Plains Indians Native American way of life depended on wild buffalo. Main source of food, clothing, shoes, shelter, and supplies. In 1800 there were approximately 60 million buffalo, by 1894 there were as few as 25. Nomadic: moved from place to place, followed the migrations of the buffalo. Early 1800s Native Americans were forcibly removed, during 1850s Native Americans were moved to reservations.

4. The Indian Wars The Sand Creek Massacre The Cheyenne raided American ranches in 1864. The US Army offered them forgiveness if they returned to their reservation. Returned to their reservation where US Army opened fire upon them killing 150 people. The Sand Creek Massacre outraged many Americans, but Chivington was never punished. Treaties After Sand Creek, enraged Native Americans increased raids on American settlers. US Government pressured Native Americans to sign treaties that would move them to reservations. The Sioux: Second Treaty of Fort Laramie The Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne: Medicine Lodge Treaty

5. Battle of Little Bighorn: Lakota Sioux conducting raids against white settlers US government ordered them to stop but they refused Military invaded, Sioux killed military Big victory for Native Americans. Battle of Palo Duro Canyon: US Army discovered Indians making camps in Texas Panhandle they sent in troops and slaughtered the Native Americans Ended the Indian Wars in the Southern Plains.

6. Ghost Dance A vision by Wovoka showed the Indian dead alive, the buffalo returned, and settlers would leave. It gave Indians hope. US Government attempted to arrest Sitting Bull in December 1890, a fight broke out, Sitting Bull killed. US Troops took Sioux to Wounded Knee camp. Wounded Knee Massacre: In a struggle over a gun, the gun fired, and both Sioux and Americans began shooting each other 300 Sioux were killed in total Americans outraged End of conflict between Native Americans and the US Army

7. Resistance in the Northwest Nez Percé were forced to move onto a small reservation in Idaho, Chief Joseph agreed. Hostilities between Americans and Native Americans broke out and Nez Percé fled. Chief Joseph and the Nez Percé were forced to surrender and return to small reservations in Kansas and Idaho.

8. Life on Reservations Americanization Native Americans must adopt American values, beliefs, and practices and abandon Native American identity. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): Issued wide range orders that attacked Native American values. Native American children forced to go to school: only allowed to speak English could not practice Indian culture The Dawes Act Broke up reservations and turned Indians into individual property owners Each head of family would receive 160 acres each single person over 18 would receive 80 acres each child would receive 40 acres Land was not good and Native Americans could not do anything with it

9. Chapter 13-14 Review Write out the question and the answer 1.Why was the destruction of the buffalo significant to the lives of Native Americans on the Plains? 2.How did Americans and Indians react to the Sand Creek Massacre and the Wounded Knee Massacre? 3.What did Americanization reveal about white Americans’ views of Native Americans? Lost food source, means to build shelters and to make clothing With anger and outrage at the U.S. Army It showed a lack of respect or understanding of Native Americans

10. Main Idea: Many people sought fortunes during the mining and cattle booms of the American West. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 2: MINING AND RANCHING

11. Striking Gold and Silver Comstock Lode: Mine in Nevada that attracted thousands of miners for silver. Thousands went in search of gold or silver but came away empty handed. Camps that were created near mines became towns. Miners congregated; stores and saloons sprang up; families came

12. Mining as Big Business Different Types of Mining Placer Mining: Minerals are found in loose sand or gravel, also known as “panning for gold.” Hydraulic Mining: Used water under high pressure to blast away dirt, exposing the minerals underneath. Large scale placer mining. Hard Rock Mining: Cut deep into the rock to extract the ore. As mining progressed mining companies were created instead of individual prospectors. They have the money to buy the expensive machinery required

13. The Cattle Boom After Civil War the demand for beef increased. Texas longhorn a new breed of cattle; hardy, could travel long distances without much water and live on grass alone Cattle Trails: Trails that ranchers followed from Texas to major rail centers. Drives usually lasted three months. Chisholm Trail is the most famous, ran from San Antonio, Texas to Abilene, Kansas. Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire that allowed for enclosed farms rather than free range cattle, this transformed the cattle business into big business

14. Chapter 13-14 Review Write out the question and the answer 4.How did mining leading to the establishment of new towns in the West? 5.What resources did mining companies have that individual prospectors did not? 6.What was the importance of the Texas longhorn? Miners congregated; stores and saloons sprang up; families came; towns developed Money Well suited to dry climate; made ranching profitable

15. Main idea: The government promoted the settlement of the West, offering free or cheap land to those willing to put in the hard work of turning the land into productive farms. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 3: FARMING THE PLAINS

16. Incentives for Settlement New Legislation Homestead Act: allowed any head of household over the age of 21 to claim 160 acres of land. Required to build a house and farm the land for 5 years before they were granted full ownership. Nearly 2 million people applied for land under this act. Pacific Railway Act: Gave land to railroad companies to encourage construction of railroad and telegraph lines. Morrill Act: Gave land to states for colleges for agriculture and the mechanic arts. Significant because it was the first time the government provided assistance for higher education.

17. Oklahoma Land Run of 1889 In 1879, 2 million acres discovered in central Oklahoma not assigned to any tribal nation By 1880 a political movement arose to open this area April 22, 1889 50,000 people rushed into Oklahoma to stake their claim

18. Closing of the Frontier By 1890 enough people had moved West that the US Census Bureau declared the frontier was closed. Frederick Jackson Turner wrote an essay “The American Frontier” that stated that the frontier was vital to American development. Others point to slavery, immigration, and industrialization as being more important to the country’s development Should the term frontier even apply to an area that was already inhabited by Native Americans?

19. Migrating West Who Moved West? White settlers moved West from the Mississippi Valley. Mostly middle class farmers and business people African American settlers came West due to violence and slavery in the South, called Exodusters They settle in KS, MO, IN, IL to purchase their own farmland European settlers came West to farm Chinese settlers became farm laborers due to laws that barred them from owning their own land

20. New Ways of Farming New Techniques These were needed because of the harsh climate, scarce water, and soil is hard to plow James Oliver created a new plow with a sharper edge that helped farmers plow their fields with less effort Large farms developed by companies created bonanza farms that generated a lot of profit. By the 1890s most bonanza farms had been broken up.

21. Chapter 13-14 Review Write out the question and the answer 7.Do you think the West would have been settled as quickly without US government incentives? Explain. 8.Why did the Exodusters leave the South, and why did they choose to move to Kansas? 9.What challenges did farmers in the West face? No, free or cheap land was key To escape violence and oppression; to purchase their own farmland Harsh climate, scarce water, soil is hard to plow

22. Main idea: During the late 1800s, new technology led to rapid industrial growth and expansion of railroads. CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1: INDUSTRY AND RAILROADS

23. New Industries Emerge Steel and Oil Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer process in which steel was created faster and more cheaply than ever before. Steel transformed the United States into a modern industrial economy Kerosene popularized as a fuel source Edwin L. Drake drilled the first commercial oil well Wildcatters were oil prospectors Found oil in Texas at Spindletop, produced more than 17 million barrels of oil in 1902

24. Railroads Expand Transcontinental Railroad railroad built in the 1860s that spanned the entire United States Two railway companies: Union Pacific (laid westward tracks) Central Pacific (laid eastward tracks) Met at Promontory Point in Utah

25. Effects of Expansion Economic: Railroads promoted trade and provided jobs, gave boost to steel and manufacturing. Social: Sped up the settlement of the West, new towns created and existing towns became cities. Development of standard time, or time zones to keep railroads on a timely schedule (1883).

27. Chapter 13-14 Review Write out the question and the answer 10.How did the Bessemer process change steel making in the United States? 11.How did the transcontinental railroad affect the settlement of the West? Produced steel faster and cheaper It led to growth, helped create towns and made it easier to travel long distances

28. Chapter 13-14 Review Write out the questions and answers Read the passage in Section 3 that begins with the heading “The Oklahoma Land Run of 1889.” Then answer the following questions 12.Why was land in Oklahoma Territory made available to settlers in 1889? A.The federal government had purchased the land from Native Americans. B.The Homestead Act made the land available. C.The government gave in to pressure from settlers to open the unassigned lands. D.Railroad companies sold the land to pay for expansion of the railroads. 13.How did the unassigned lands change at noon on April 22, 1889? A.All lands had been claimed by the time. B.Thousands of people rushed into the unassigned lands to stake their claims. C.The town of Guthrie had been laid out by noon. D.Municipal government had been formed.