1. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Chapter 1: Introduction 0 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Simple Power System Every power system has three major components – generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and frequency – load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value – transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect conductor 1 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

3. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Complications No ideal voltage sources exist Loads are seldom constant Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance, and flow limitations Simple system has no redundancy, so a power system will not work if any component fails 2 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

4. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Notation – Power Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy Power Units Watts = voltage x current for dc (W) kW –1 x 10 3 Watt MW – 1 x 10 6 Watt GW–1 x 10 9 Watt Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW (about 3 kW per person) Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW 3 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

5. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Notation – Energy Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system Energy Units Joule= 1 Watt-second (J) kWh– Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 10 6 J) Btu– 1055 J; 1 MBtu = 0.292 MWh U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on average we each use 1.5 kW of power continuously) 4 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

6. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Power System Examples Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an island, to one covering half the continent – there are four major interconnected ac power systems in North America, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is used in some other countries. Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz. Ships and submarines Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard Battery operated portable systems 5 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma North America Interconnections 6 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

8. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Electric Systems in Energy Context Class focuses on electric power systems, but we first need to put the electric system in context of the total energy delivery system Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation – Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form Concerns about need to reduce CO 2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure 7 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

9. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Sources of Energy – U.S. Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2007, Table 1, 2005 Data CO 2 Emissions (millions of metric tons, and per quad) Petroleum: 2598, 64.0 Natural Gas: 1198,53.0 Coal: 2115, 92.3 About 86% Fossil Fuels 1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual) 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency) 8 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

10. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Electric Energy by Sources, U.S. Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006 9 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

11. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Electric Energy by Sources, Calif. Oregon is 71% Hydro, while Washington State is 76% Hydro Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006 10 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

12. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Electric Energy by Sources, Illinois Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006 11 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

13. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Global Warming and the Power Grid What is Known: CO 2 in Air is Rising 12 Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm Value was about 280 ppm in 1800, 384 in 2007 Rate of increase is about 3 ppm per year © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

14. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma As is Worldwide Temperature 13 Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/ Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Change in U.S. Annual Average Temperature 14 Source: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustren-temp.gif © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

16. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma But Average Temperatures Are Not Increasing Everywhere Equally 15 Source : http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.jpg © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma World Population Trends Country200520152025 % Japan127.5124.7117.8-7.6 Germany82.481.980.6-2.1 Russia142.8136.0128.1-10.3 USA295.7322.6349.718.2 China13061393145311.2 India10941274144932.4 World64497226795923.4 Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025 16 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

18. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Eventual Atmospheric CO 2 Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO 2 Emissions 17 Regardless of what we do in the short-term, the CO 2 levels in the atmosphere will continue to increase. The eventual stabilization levels depend upon how quickly CO 2 emissions are curtailed. Emissions from electricity production are currently about 40% of the total © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

19. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Energy Economics Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs – Nuclear and solar have high fixed costs, but low operating costs – Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices) – Coal, wind, and hydro are in between Also the units capacity factor is important to determine ultimate cost of electricity Potential carbon “tax” is a major uncertainty 18 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

20. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Ball Park Energy Costs Nuclear:$15/MWh Coal:$22/MWh Wind:$50/MWh Hydro:varies but usually water constrained Solar:$150 to 200/MWh Natural Gas:8 to 10 times fuel cost in $/MBtu Note: to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh and divide by 10. 19 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

21. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Natural Gas Prices 1990s to 2008 20 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

22. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Course Syllabus Introduction and review of phasors & three phase Transmission line modeling Per unit analysis and change of base Models for transformers, generators, and loads Power flow analysis and control Economic system operation/restructuring Short circuit analysis Transient stability System protection 21 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

23. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma History of Electric Power Systems Early 1880s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system in Manhattan supplying 59 customers 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor 1885 – invention of transformer Mid-1880s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system Late 1880s – Tesla invents ac induction motor 1893 – First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV 22 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

24. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma History, cont’d 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away Early 1900s – Private utilities supply all customers in area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step in to begin regulation By 1920s – Large interstate holding companies control most electricity systems 23 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

25. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma History, cont’d 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large interstate utilities (repealed 2005) 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to rural areas 1930s – Electric utilities established as vertical monopolies 24 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

26. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Vertical Monopolies Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had an exclusive franchise Generation Transmission Distribution Customer Service In return for this exclusive franchise, the utility had the obligation to serve all existing and future customers at rates determined jointly by utility and regulators It was a “cost plus” business 25 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

27. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Vertical Monopolies Within its service territory, each utility was the only game in town Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues than competitors Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by 1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North America, with voltages up to 765 kV Economies of scale resulted in decreasing rates, so most every one was happy 26 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

28. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Current Midwest Electric Grid 27 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

29. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma History, cont’d – 1970s 1970s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls for conservation and growing environmental concerns Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities Regulator Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated utilities must purchase power from independent generators located in their service territory (modified 2005) PURPA introduced some competition 28 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

30. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma History, cont’d – 1990s & 2000s Major opening of industry to competition occurred as a result of the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 This act mandated that utilities provide “nondiscriminatory” access to the high voltage transmission Goal was to set up true competition in generation Result over the last few years has been a dramatic restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or worse!) Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA 29 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

31. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma Utility Restructuring Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the introduction of competition Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their electricity supplier 30 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

32. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma State Variation in Electric Rates 31 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

33. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma The Goal: Customer Choice 32 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

34. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma The Result for California in 2000/1 OFF 33 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

35. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma The California-Enron Effect Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html RI AK electricity restructuring delayed restructuring no activity suspended restructuring WA OR NV CA ID MT WY UT AZ CO NM TX OK KS NE SD ND MN IA WI MO IL IN OH KY TN MS LA AL GA FL SC NC W VA PA NY VT ME MI NHNH MA CT NJ DE MDMD AR HI DCDC 34 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

36. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma August 14, 2003 Blackout 35 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

37. Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma 2007 Illinois Electricity Crisis Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd and Ameren Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for ten years, with rate decreases for many. Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze ended; price increases were especially high for electric heating customers who had previously enjoyed rates as low as 2.5 cents/kWh Current average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 10.4 in IL, 8.74 IN, 11.1 WI, 7.94 MO, 9.96 IA, 19.56 CT, 6.09 ID, 14.03 in CA, 10.76 US average 36 © 2017 Cengage Learning ®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.