2.  All elementary particles in physics are classified as either fermions or bosons. Quantum physics demonstrates the particles may have an intrinsic non-zero "spin," or angular momentum, associated with them. A fermion (named after Enrico Fermi) is a particle with a half-integer spin, while a boson (named after Satyendra Nath Bose) is a particle with an integer spin. These spins result in different mathematical applications in certain situations, but for now, just know that the two types of particles exist.

3.  Simple mathematics of adding integers and half-integers show the following:  Combining an odd number of fermions results in a fermion (because the total spin will still be a half-integer value)  Combining an even number of fermions results in a boson (because the total spin will now be an integer value)

4.  Fermions are particle that have a particle spin equal to a half-integer value (-1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). These particles make up the matter that we observe in our universe.

5.  Quarks are the particles that make up hadrons, such as protons and neutrons. There are 6 distinct types of quarks: Up Quark Charm Quark Top Quark Down Quark Strange Quark Bottom Quark

7.  There are 6 types of leptons: Electron Electron Neutrino Muon Muon Neutrino Tau Tau Neutrino

8.  Bosons are particles that have a particle spin that is equal to an integer (1, 2, 3, etc.). These particles are what mediate the fundamental forces of physics under the quantum field theories.

9.  Photon  W Boson  Z Boson  Gluon  Higgs Boson - part of the Standard Model, but not yet detected experimentally  Graviton - theoretically predicted as part of quantum gravity, but not actually part of the Standard Model

10. Particles made up of multiple quarks bound together.  Baryons (fermions) Nucleons - protons & neutrons Hyperons - short-lived particles composed of strange quarks  Mesons (bosons)

12.  Corresponding to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and opposite electric charge. For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positively charged antielectron, or positron, which is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay.

13.  Although particles and their antiparticles have opposite charges, electrically neutral particles need not be identical to their antiparticles. The neutron, for example, is made out of quarks, the antineutron from antiquarks, and they are distinguishable from one another because neutrons and antineutrons annihilate each other upon contact. However, other neutral particles are their own antiparticles, such as photons, the hypothetical gravitons, and some WIMPs. These are called Majorana particles and can annihilate with themselves.