1. National Export Control Systems: Tools to Enforce WMD Non-Proliferation Ian Anthony SIPRI

2. The changing proliferation threat States: –Developing NBC weapons and long-range delivery systems –Holding open future options by maintaining an appropriate knowledge and technology base –But … this applies to a very small number of states. Non-state actors –Seeking NBC related materials for improvised devices –Use of dangerous materials and new techniques that are not weapons –But … no use so far in a mass impact terrorist attack.

3. The requirement for national export controls Establish legitimate export activities and, by extension, illicit activities Comply with international obligations Facilitate investment and technological cooperation Required element in European integration

4. Basic principles Controlled items should not leave the jurisdiction of the exporting state without authorization. –Preventive measure –Interaction with non-state actors

5. First priorities Modern and comprehensive legislation. Licensing authority and border controls. Inventory of sectors and companies making controlled items. –Activities of trading companies and brokers. Monitor and collect information about procurement activities by countries of concern and terrorist groups.

6. Export control enforcement Preventive enforcement –Spread knowledge and interact with exporters (product recognition, “red flags”) Away from the borders –Information (end-use and end-user) At the border –Communication between licensing and border security management agencies Post-shipment –Sanctions (ability to prosecute, credible sanctions)

7. Interface between export control and border control Working with lists –Product classification / commodity classification. Assessing threats –License assessment / Risk assessment. Working with industry –Exporters become partners in enforcement Post-shipment enforcement –Prosecution of suspected offences