1. MINI PROJECT ON LOW COST AUTOMATIC ENERGY EFFICIENT EMERGENCY LAMP USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATION GROUP: B2GX2 GUIDED BY : Mrs.ANU SUNNY MEMBERS: RADHIKA U.K(42) : REMYA JOHNY(44) : SANGEETHA THOMAS(46) : SUBIN P SUNNY(54) 1

2. CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 2.OBJECTIVE 3.BLOCK DIAGRAM 4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5.WORKING 6.COMPARITIVE STUDY OF CIRCUIT WITH AND WITHOUT PWM 7.FEATURES 8.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LED 9.COMPARISON OF LED LAMPS WITH OTHER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES 10.CONCLUSION 11.FUTURE SCOPE 12. REFERENCES 2

3. INTRODUCTION  Growing demand for the saving of electricity.  Failure in power supply causes difficulty and inconvenience.  An automatic emergency lamp that uses LED.  Highly bright due to use of white LEDs.  Turns on when mains supply fails,turns off when power resumes.  Has own battery charger –stops charging automatically when fully charged.  This project aims to develop most power efficient and user friendly product. 3

4. OBJECTIVE  Reduce power consumption by using a low- cost, automatic white LED based emergency lamp using PWM. 4

5. 5 BATTERY TRANSFORMER BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT REGULATION USING LM317 LED ARRAY PWM USING ASTABLE OPERATION OF 555 BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6

7. The circuit has three sections:  The charger power supply section:  Transformer: steps down(9V,500mA).  Bridge rectifier: rectifies transformer output.  LM317: voltage regulation.  Battery: provides supply when mains fails.  Zener diode: conducts when battery crosses its capacity. WORKING 7

8. 8  555 timer section:  Control the LED section by PWM.  LED driver section:  Build around BD 140.  12 white LEDs connected in parallel.  LED section glows when mains fails.  Made to blink using astable operation of 555.  Appear fulltime ON due to persistence of vision.

9. Circuit without pwm Voltage across each LED = 2.74V. Current through each LED = 2.5mA. Power consumed by each LED = 6.85 mW. Total power consumed by LED array =.0822 W. Circuit with pwm 9 COMPARISON Voltage across each LED = 2.96 V. Current through each LED = 2.7 mA. Power consumed by each LED = 7.992mW. Total power consumed by LED array =.095904 W.

10. FEATURES 10  Simple: Simple circuit. Components are easily available and low cost.  Automatic: Automatically switches ON when the mains fails and turns OFF when mains power resumes. Also has its own battery charger which when fully charged stops charging automatically.  Convenient : Makes our lives simpler, convenient to use.  Economical: Energy consumption is very less, proves to be more economic for the consumer.

11. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LED  Advantages:  Efficiency: more light per watt than incandescent bulbs.  Color: can emit of an intended color without use of color filters.  Size: very small.  On/off time: light up very quickly.  cycling: can be subjected to frequent on-off cycling.  Dimming: can be dimmed by PWM. 11

12. 12  Slow failure: mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than abrupt burn-out of incandescent bulbs.  Life time: long useful life time.  Toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent lamps.  Disadvantages:  Cost: currently more expensive.  Temperature dependence: performance largely depends on the operating temperature.  Health hazard: cool white LEDs can cause problems to eyes.

13. 13 COMPARISON OF LED LAMPS WITH OTHER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

14. CONCLUSION  The project was concluded to be innovative for the improvement of day today life.  Device also adds a new look to the traditional lamps.  The use of PWM helps us to reduce the wastage of energy.  The cost of implementing this circuit is also very less - an added advantage in using this circuit. 14

15. FUTURE SCOPE  We can again modernize this project using PWM.  It is expected that with additional development and growing researches, the PWM will gain more popularity and the cost of these bulbs will eventually decline.  This project can be adopted for mass production as cheap and efficient method. 15

16. 16

17. REFERENCES  Gayakwad R.A.,OPAMPS & Linear Integrated circuits, Prentice hall of India.  Mill man J.,Microelectronics c Graw Hill  J.B Gupta.,Electronic devices and circuits, katson educational series.  www.efymag.com. www.efymag.com  www.wikipedia.org. www.wikipedia.org 17

18. THANK YOU 18