1. Kyra Cipolla Mentor: Dr. Kettenring March 29 th 2016 RISE Final Presentation

2. ◦ Coral Bleaching ◦ Ocean Acidification ◦ Great Barrier Reef ◦ Current Approaches

3.  When water temperatures rise, the zooxanthellae produce reactive oxygen species.  If the bleaching is short-term, corals can recover as algae recolonize, but if the bleaching lasts too long, corals starve to death.

7.  1998: global mass bleaching event where 50% of the reefs on the Great Barrier Reef suffered bleaching.  2002: 60% of reefs were affected. This was the largest coral bleaching event on record

9.  Lower ocean Acidity to promote coral growth  Reattachment of coral heads with cement  International network of monitoring stations  Utilizing Coral Resilience

10.  Experimented on a small atoll in the Great Barrier Reef off Australia's east coast  Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used to increase the total alkalinity of seawater  When ocean chemistry was restored closer to pre- industrial conditions, net community calcification increased.

11. South Florida--divers attempt to salvage damaged coral. They search the sea floor for fragments and reattach them to the reef with cement. Nova Southeastern University's Oceanographic Center -- begun a research project to learn which types of coral are most likely to live on after trauma. Using volunteer divers, they are collecting pieces of broken coral off Fort Lauderdale, attaching them to an artificial reef and studying the results

13.  After bleaching event in 2006, coral was covered in algae( L. variegate), which scientists thought was a death sentence for some of the coral.  BUT, after a season, the algae declined and coral cover increased drastically…Why?

14. Figure 1. Coral bleaching, algal overgrowth of corals and coral recovery. Diaz-Pulido G, McCook LJ, Dove S, Berkelmans R, Roff G, et al. (2009) Doom and Boom on a Resilient Reef: Climate Change, Algal Overgrowth and Coral Recovery. PLoS ONE 4(4): e5239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005239 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005239

15.  Find more articles about current approaches  Big problem: scientists find a correlation but don’t know why  BIG QUESTION: It isn’t about what scientists can do to try to fix this, its can they do it fast enough?

16.  http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/ http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/  http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/billingsgazette.com/content/tncm s/assets/v3/editorial/8/d5/8d5d3da3-c518-506d-b135- 5acb657a938e/5101ad0eb0497.preview-620.jpg http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/billingsgazette.com/content/tncm s/assets/v3/editorial/8/d5/8d5d3da3-c518-506d-b135- 5acb657a938e/5101ad0eb0497.preview-620.jpg  Kavousi J, Reimer JD, Tanaka Y, Nakamura T. 2015. Colony-specific investigations reveal highly variable responses among individual corals to ocean acidification and warming. Mar Environ Res 109: 9-20.  Lesser MP. 2011. Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms. Springer 405-419.  Spalding MD, Brown BE. 2015. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350: 769-771.  http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/threats-to-the-reef/climate- change/what-does-this-mean-for-species/corals/what-is-coral-bleaching http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/threats-to-the-reef/climate- change/what-does-this-mean-for-species/corals/what-is-coral-bleaching  Berkelmans R, De’ath G, Kininmonth S, Skirving WJ (2004) A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reefs 23: 74–83  http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/crgbr.htm http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/crgbr.htm  http://cnso.nova.edu/forms/sunsentinel-scientists-search-for-new-ways-to- save-damaged-coral-reefs-in-south-florida.pdf  http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005239#s2