1. T-CELL MEMORY
Central
Effector

2. Immunological memory
Inhabitants:
Area: 1400 km2
1781: Measles epidemic in the Faroe Islands
No measles for 65 years
1846: Measles epidemic
Those individuals, who were older than 65 years and were infected in 1781 did not became sick, but some elderly people got the infection
Life-long protection can be induced against some viruses
Presence of the virus is not needed for the maintenance of immunological memeory

3. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR MEMORY
Negative regulation of the immune system
AICD
Activation Induced Cell Death
DIFFERENTIATION
Naive lymphocytes
Memory
Az antigen-specific cell number
Secunder effector cells
Primary effector cells
EXPANSION
AICD
MEMORY
Days

4. Presence of specific antibodies during primary and secondary immune responses protects against repeated infections
A successful primary immune response eliminates the pathogen and results in long-lasting immunological memory
Antibodies produced during the primary immune response protect against re-infection by neutralization and opsonization.

5. Both effector B and T cells and memory B and T cells
are produced during a primary immune response

6. Both antibodies and T memory cells specific to vaccinia virus are
Detectable Decades after vaccination
Specific antibody titer drops to 0.1-1% of the maximunm within a year.
Number of memory B-cells is 10%-of the Max. and stays constant over many years
The number of memory T-cells also stays constant over decades
Specific anti-vaccinia antibodies continue to be made for as long as 75 years after the last exposure to vaccinia virus, the smallpox surrogate that is used for vaccination (top panel). The numbers represent international units (IU) of antibody, a standardized way of measuring an antibody response. Many vaccinated individuals retain populations of vaccinia-specific CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells (bottom panel). Only small differences are observed for individuals who received one (blue bars) or two (pink bars) vaccinations. Courtesy of Mark Slifka.

7. Comparison of the B-cell populations that participate
in the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses

8. The amount and affinity of
antibody increase after
successive immunizations
with the same antigen

9. IgG antibody suppresses the activation of naive B cells
by cross-linking the B-cell receptor and FcγRIIB1
on the B-cell surface 9

10. Passive immunization with anti-Rhesus antigen IgG prevents
hemolytic anemia of the newborn 10

11. Highly mutable viruses such as influenza gradually
escape from immunological memory without stimulating
a compensatory immune response 11

12. 12

13. Memory CD4 T cells express an altered CD45 isoform
that works more effectively with the T-cell receptor
and co-receptors 13

14. PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
Naive T
Effector T
AICD
Cytokines/cytotoxicity
Central memory T
Effector T
Cytokines/cytotoxicity
PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
PERIPHERAL TISSUES
Skin dermis, gut lamina propria, alveolar space
Tissue-specific migration
Effector memory T
Effector T
Cytokines/cytotoxicity
ANTIGEN/ SITE OF INFLAMMATION

15. T-cells differentiate into central and effector memory cells

16. Tissue resident memory
cells

17. CYTOTOXIC MEMORY T LYMPHOCYTES
PRODUCTION OF EFFECTOR MOLECULES
Tissue effector memory T cells
Lymphoid central memory T cells
Resting Activated Resting Activated
Proliferation
Cytotoxicity

18. IMMUNOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE
AGE
THYMUS
PERIPHERY M E O R Y N A I V E
IMMUNOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE

19. Memory T cell frequency in the blood is a marked underestimate of the total frequency and numbers of memory T cells in the whole body. Estimates of the number of T cells in human tissues are 2 × 1010 in the skin,17, 1 × 1010 in the lungs18, 3 × 1010 in the intestines and 20 × 1010 in lymphoid tissues (that is, the spleen, the lymph nodes and the bone marrow). Therefore, peripheral blood T cells (5–10 × 109 in human blood) represent only 2–2.5% of the total T cell complement in the body, and memory T cells represent the predominant T cell subset in mucosal sites, skin, spleen and bone marrow
Donna L. Farber1,2, Naomi A. Yudanin1 and Nicholas P. Restifo NRI 2014 p24