2. - Civilization developed where the Kingdom of Kush dominated from 900 BCE to 400 CE - By 100 CE Iron Age civilizations developed in central and southern Africa - Had a thriving trading system based on gold, ivory, copper, and slavery. European countries quickly spread trading stations in Africa - Soon trade based on gold turned into a need for slaves - Btwn 1450 and 1870 15 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic - 90% to South America/Caribbean

3. Peace of Westphalia -Ended the Thirty Year War in Europe in 1648 -It expanded European Empires, and created new order in Europe. -The Peace of Westphalia ended the church as the leading power in Europe -Kingly States, and Territorial States were free to govern their own affairs.

4. Rise of European Empires -There was a great expansion in Europe and in imperialism -Warfare between European countries was continuous throughout the 2nd half of the 18th century -The French Revolution posed internal and external threats as well as posed the ideas of equality before the law, abolition of feudalism, and “rights of man”. It was the beginning of modern nationalism -By 1810 France controlled most of the Western Empire including Prussia and Austria -Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe formed to prevent a reoccurrence of the Napoleonic Wars -By the 1830’s, Greece, Belgium, and Norway had become independent. Italy and Germany had become unified through war and nationalism, and the overall scrabble for raw materials, and Africa became evident. -The lead to the expansion of Europe became global, wars between Spain, France, and England -The World was becoming dominated by European methods and control.