1. Evolution… Change Across T I m e Evolution is defined as: ‘the process of change, in a certain direction, over a long period of time. An ‘unfolding’ of what something becomes.

2. Lucy… Read pages 33 and 34 in BSCS text IN YOUR LAB JOURNAL- answer Process and Procedure questions 1,2 and Analysis questions 1,2,a,b,c Read bottom of page 35 to the very top of page 36. Stop @ Modeling the Earths History

3. Fossil Evidence Up until a couple of years ago, scientist estimated the earths age as 4.5 billion. Just to give you an idea of how long a period of time 4.5 billion is, If we had a year represent the 4.5 billion years the earth has been in existence here is what would have happened when: If the earth began on January 1 st, living things first appear in the fossil record in the sea in May. Land plants and animals showed up in the rock record in November. Dinosaurs appeared in mid-December and disappeared on Dec. 26 th. The first mammals appeared on Dec. 24 th around noon. On this scales, the first humans appeared during the evening of December 31 st. Christ was born on December 31 st at 11:59 pm, 12 seconds before midnight. Columbus discovered America 3 seconds before midnight on the last day of the year. On this calendar, the United states of America has been in existence for less than one second.

4. To show you how big 4.5 billion is, if you started counting one number a second when you were first born, it would take you two life-times to count to 4.5 billion, assuming you lived to be 75 years old!

5. The Changing Earth What we now believe is that the earth is actually somewhere in the neighborhood of 12 billion years old! Our primitive earth was very different from the earth you live on today. First, the continents were not separate like they are today.

6. Pangaea About 260 million years ago we believe the land mass of the planet was connected. Over time, the land mass moves over the earth’s surface through a process called continental drift. There are two things scientists look at that support this theory. The first is the fact that even today we can shift the land mass together and the pieces ‘fit’ like parts of a puzzle. The second thing we find is that there are fossils for the same organisms found on the various continents despite the fact that currently large bodies of water (oceans) separate the continents and would have kept animals from being able to move to other land masses.

7. Continued…. As continental drift continued Pangaea divided into two sub continents, Laurasia and Gondwana about 135 million years ago. Laurasis split into North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana and South America moved away from Africa. This split happened about 65 million years ago. Finally, India combined with Eurasia, and Australia broke off from Antarctica.

8. So, back to fossils… Defined: traces of, or remains of organisms that lived in the past. If remains of organisms are relatively unaltered, the fossilization process took place by a quick burial under conditions that prevented normal decay. Quicksand, Tar Pits, Volcanic Ash are all methods of quick fossilization.

9. There are frozen fossils in which entire mammoths have been discovered, including hair, skin, muscles, and organs. The most common type of fossil found is the calcium carbonate skeletons of sea animals found in sedimentary rock. Other forms of fossils include animal tracks, imprints of plants in coal, hard parts of animals like teeth and bone and scales.

10. Fossils also tell us about the earths climate in ancient times. Shark teeth in sedimentary rock in Colorado indicate that inland seas once covered that area. Fossils of corals and palm trees in Alaska show that state once had a warm, tropical climate.

11. How do we know how old fossils are? Scientists measure the amount of radioactive elements such as carbon 14 to determine the age of fossils.

12. Find out how it works… Go To: http://www.howstuffworks.com/carbon- 14.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/carbon- 14.htm READ through the three pages that explain this process. Take notes in your lab journal on C-14 dating. These notes will be yours to use on an ‘open journal’ test later.

13. Geological Time Reading READ Zebra: p. 225-226 and DO: BP # 1,2,3 p. 226 READ: p. 234- 235 and DO: BP # 1,2,3 p. 235 DO THIS IN YOUR LAB JOURNALS

14. Geological Time Line… You will work in pairs. Please read through the instruction packet. You may record your work/answers to questions directly in this packet. There is a Part I pre-test that needs to be completed before you make your time line. There is a post activity part that needs to be completed also. REFERENCE for what life was when is on page 232 of the Zebra text book. You may also use the class computers and use google. Wikipedia has good geological time reference material.

15. Experts from Different Areas of Science give us the Evidences of Evolution… You are about to become an expert in one aspect of evolutionary evidence. I am going to group you in teams of 4 Each of you will choose one area of science that gives evidence for the process of evolution and through a detailed set of guided instruction, you will become your teams expert in that area.

16. Once you have gathered all the evidence for your area of expertise, you will educate the rest of your team. Each team will then be responsible for the creation of a collective report of their findings.

17. Guide for this project… Use BSCS Text p. 38-top of 44 Begin by reviewing what each type of expert does Determine who is interested in being each type of expert. I will provide you with additional packets to help you the next time we meet.