2. Start? Examine the usefulness of using official statistics in studying crime and deviance. (21 marks) What ideas do we know already? Consider functionalist, interactionist and marxist views?

3. 2. The social distribution of crime Key questions 1. Do crime statistics give a true picture of crime? 2. Are people from different age groups, classes, ethnicities and gender groups treated equally when it comes to crime? 3. Is there any link between location and criminal activity? Key information  Crime statistics – police, BCS and self-report study.  Gender and crime  Ethnicity and crime  Age and social class  Location – Environmental criminology

4. Dark Figure of Crime Crimes that occur and may not be detected, reported or recorded by official figures Detected, reported and recorded crime Many criminologists suggest there is a ‘dark figure of crime’ which is all the offences that are unreported or not recorded in the official statistics Why

5. Activity: Why is there a ‘dark figure of crime’? Reasons why crime is not reported There is no victim (speeding) Victim too afraid Can’t be bothered No trust of police Perpetrator is friend or family member Reasons why crime is not recorded Not enough time Crime too trivial Not a priority Victim withdraws charge Lack of evidence Police Recording Rules

6. How official statistics are compiled depends on what the police record as a crime. These rules have changed x3 in the last 10 years. Depends on Government and Police Force priorities. Official statistics only give a limited picture of the amount of crime in society.

7. British Crime Survey

8. Crime statistics Official statistics Complied from government departments like the police and courts. Reported crime A crime, which the public has reported to the police. (90% of all crime the police deal with is reported to them by the public). Recorded crime A crime, which has been recorded by the police as a crime. (Only 40% of reported crime is then recorded due to discretionary powers of the police). Lack of crime reporting Crimes may not be reported due to:-  fear of reprisal.  Lack of awareness (fraud).  Fear it may not be taken seriously.  Crime is too trivial. Inaccurate picture of crime  White collar crime dealt with administratively.  Only serious crimes from incidences is recorded.  Rules for counting always change.  Lack of recording makes clear up rates look higher. Official crime statistics are the tip of the iceberg, BCS and self-report studies show there is more crime than what can be seen on the surface. This is known as the dark figure of crime (what is recorded vs. reported).

9. Self-report studies Anonymous questionnaires which ask respondents if they have committed a crime over the past year. British Crime Survey A victim study which asks people if they have been a victim of a crime and the circumstances of that crime. It was conducted every two years from 1982 -2000 then every year since. The study is based on a representative sample of adults living in private households in England and Wales. In 2002 over 36,000 surveys were conducted. Certain crimes are excluded due to low reporting such as murder, drug possession or dealing, fraud, offences against businesses. BCS and Self-report studies They are usually based on self-completed questionnaires or interviews which contain a list of offences. Respondents are asked to highlight which they have committed. Self report studies show us that most people commit crime at some point in their lives so crime is normal. Trends and patterns  BCS says 10.7 million crimes committed, OS (4.7 million.  The majority of crime is property related.  Violent crime accounts for 1/5 of all crime  Overall crime peaked in 1995 and has declined ever since.  Men aged 16-24 most likely to be a victim of violence. BCS: includes unreported and unrecorded crime but only 75% is comparable with police statistics. Self-report: Mainly street crime (working class) excludes hidden crimes like domestic violence. Only gives a small picture of criminal activity.

10. Victim Surveys British Crime Survey – carried out every 2 years and asks people whether they have been a victim of crime. Pre-set structured interviews. Large sample (2007 – 47,000) BCS report higher levels of crime. Also collects data on ‘fear of crime’ Is this valid? reliable?

11. BCS Vs Official Statistics.

12. OCJS – self report Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) interviewed young people aged 10 - 25. Responses taken confidentially on a computer to increase validity. Random selection, longitudinal study of around 5,000 people. 2006 – study revealed much offending was linked to alcohol. Is this valid? Reliable?

13. Self Report Problems of self-report measures.  Unreliable answers. (people exaggerate)  Biased selection of offences. (ignore middle class crimes)  Biased selection of interviewees. (No access to white collar criminals)

14. Self-Report Studies  Offender self-report surveys ask people about their offending behaviour.  Questionnaire where people identify any offences they have participated in.  Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) interviewed young people aged 10 - 25. Responses taken confidentially on a computer to increase validity. Random selection, longitudinal study of around 5,000 people.

15. Examine the usefulness of using official statistics in studying crime and deviance. (21 marks)

16. Offenders found guilty of or cautioned for an offence by sex and type. 2006

17. Explanations for Patterns of Crime: Gender

18. Watch the video: Jot down the key ideas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zucIocuW4e o

19. Gender Key Facts from official stats. 1.Girls and women appear to commit less crime. 2.4/5 convicted offenders in Britain are male. 3.Women more likely to be convicted of theft and property offences. 4.Men more likely to convicted of violence and sexual offences. Post – it Challenge. Use post-its to suggest theories and or questions about the facts opposite. Do women commit fewer crimes? How valid are the statistics? How do we explain why some women do commit crimes. How do we explain why men commit more crimes than women?

20. Gender Key Facts from official stats. 1.Girls and women appear to commit less crime. 2.4/5 convicted offenders in Britain are male. 3.Women more likely to be convicted of theft and property offences. 4.Men more likely to convicted of violence and sexual offences. Post – it Challenge. Use post-its to suggest theories and or questions about the facts opposite.

21. Do women commit more crime? Many sociologists and criminologists believe that female crime might be underestimated. 1.Female crimes like shoplifting are less likely to be reported. 2. Even when women’s crimes are detected/reported, they are much less likely to be prosecuted or receive a lenient punishment.

22. 10-Jul-16DA Booth21 Official statistics indicate that women in all age groups appear to commit far less crime than men. This pattern has raised three main questions: 1 Do women really commit fewer crimes than men, or are the figures misleading? 2 Is the proportion of crimes committed by women increasing, and is this linked to 'women's liberation'? 3 Why do some women break the law?

23. Gender and crime Key facts  Girls and women appear to commit less crime.  4/5 convicted offenders in Britain are male.  Women more likely to be convicted of theft and property offences.  Men more likely to convicted of violence and sexual offences. The Chivalry thesis This argues that most police, judges and magistrates are men and men are socialised to be chivalrous to women. Roger Hood found women are 1/3 less likely to be jailed than men in similar cases. Feminism They argue the criminal justice system is patriarchal and is bias against women when they step outside gender roles. Women are judged more harshly for having promiscuous sex and being bad mothers rather than the seriousness of their crimes. This is what happens in rape cases where the victims sexual activity is always on trial. Explanations for female criminality Functionalist -Sex role theory The way girls are socialised to be quiet and demur doesn’t encourage them to behave aggressively or break the law. Feminist - Control theory Women commit less crimes because men control women through domestic roles, fear of being a victim and financial dependence. Liberation thesis Freda Alder (1975) argues that if feminists are right and women only commit less crime because of patriarchy then greater equality should see a rise in women offenders. This equality will bring about more female offenders for violence and white collar crime.

24. Nadja Benaissa

25. Do you remember this case? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uk qA47iFsLs

26. Chivalry Thesis. What is Chivalry?

27. The treatment of women in the CJS Leniency towards female offenders is known as the 'chivalry’ thesis. Some sociologists argue that women are more likely to be cautioned than charged, and more likely to receive non-custodial sentences. However, some critics disagree. Although men received more severe sentences than women in many cases, the differences disappeared when the severity of offences was taken into account.

28. Task: Read your text book Using the scale, plot the different studies/points/debates at the side of the scale you think it fits. People to pay close attention to: Pollak; Farrington; Box; Walklate; Adler; Carlen; Flood-Page

29. Chivalry Thesis For: Graham and Bowling (1995) Self Report studies Flood-Page et al (2000) women more likely to be cautioned. Hood (1992) women 1/3 less likely to be imprisoned. Against Farrington & Morris (1983) women not given more lenient sentences for comparable offences. Buckle & Farrington (1984) female shoplifters more likely to be prosecuted. Box (1981) women who commit serious offences are not treated more favourably. Women more likely to show remorse which may explain different sentences.

30. 10-Jul-16DA Booth29 Leniency towards female offenders: the 'chivalry’ thesis Campbell (1981) conducted a self ‑ report study and found that: 1 Female suspects were more likely than male suspects to be cautioned rather than prosecuted. 2 The rate of male: female juvenile offending was 1.33: 1.0 rather than the official figure of 8.95: 1.0. Hood (1989) compared the sentencing of men and women and found that men were more likely to be given custodial sentences than women.

31. 10-Jul-16DA Booth30 Evidence against the 'chivalry' thesis Box (1981) reviewed the data from self ‑ report studies in Britain and the USA and concluded that the official statistics on gender and crime were fairly accurate. Farrington and Morris (1983) conducted a study of sentencing in magistrates' courts. Although men received more severe sentences than women, the differences disappeared when the severity of offences was taken into account.

32. 10-Jul-16DA Booth31 Walklate (1995) believes that it is the female victim rather than the male suspect who ends up on trial in rape cases. Women have to establish their respectability if their evidence is to be believed. In a study of domestic violence Dobash and Dobash (1979) found that police officers were very unlikely to make an arrest in cases of domestic violence.

33. 10-Jul-16DA Booth32 Double standards in criminal justice Heidensohn (1985) argues that the justice system is influenced by attitudes to gender in society as a whole. Women are treated more harshly when they deviate from norms of female sexuality. Sexually promiscuous girls are more likely to be taken into care than similar boys. On the other hand, courts may be reluctant to imprison mothers with young children. Carlen (1997) argues that women are more likely to be sentenced according to the court's assessment of them as wives, mothers and daughters rather than the seriousness of their crimes.

34. No Chivalry – Bias Against Women The courts treat females more harshly when they deviate from gender norms. Carlen (1977) Women are jailed according to the courts assessment of them as wives, mothers and daughters. Feminists suggest the CJS is Patriarchal. Evidence from the way male judges deal with Rape victims. Victims are often on trial not the offender and subject to sexist victim blaming. Activity: How might Patriarchy explain the chivalry hypothesis and the idea of bias against women.

35. No Chivalry – Bias Against Women The courts treat females more harshly when they deviate from gender norms. Carlen (1977) Women are jailed according to the courts assessment of them as wives, mothers and daughters. Feminists suggest the CJS is Patriarchal. Evidence from the way male judges deal with Rape victims. Victims are often on trial not the offender and subject to sexist victim blaming.

36. Female Criminals – Did their gender influence their sentence? BonnieRosemary West Myra HindleyMaxine Carr

37. Louise WoodwardKaren Matthews Tania ClarenceAileen Wuornos (Monster)

38. Gender and crime Why do men commit crime? James Messerschmidt (1993) makes a link between male offending and masculinity. He says all men want the dominant hegemonic masculinity which is achieved through domination of work, women and sexuality. He argues that lower class men and ethnic minorities lack the resources to achieve this masculinity so commit crime in order to achieve it. Postmodernity and masculinity Others have suggested that previously jobs in manufacturing allowed men to express their masculinity. An increase in service sector jobs like bouncers allows men to express their masculinity through violence, drug dealing and racketeering. Women demonised in the media Myra Hindley Sentenced to 30 years in prison for her part in the murder and torture of 5 children along with Ian Brady. The media widely reported her true crime as not having any motherly instincts as a women. Newspapers still to this day publish a sinister picture taken of her 30 years ago because it portrays her as a cold sadistic killer. Maxine Carr Was convicted and sent to prison for providing a false alibi for boyfriend Ian Huntley who murdered Holly wells and Jessica Chapman in 2002. Maxine had nothing directly to do with the murders but many protested for reintroduction of the death penalty outside the court. The media had a definitive role in demonising Maxine Carr by producing sensationalist stories of her past.

39. Explanations for Patterns of Crime

40. Explaining Female Crime Sex Role Theory Patriarchal Control (Heidensohn) Class and gender deals (Carlen) Liberation Thesis (Adler) Masculinity and Crime (Messerschmidt) Postmodernity

41. Sex role theory Sutherland (1949) Differences in socialisation: Girls more supervised, controlled. Boys are encouraged to be tough and take risks more likely to become delinquent.

42. Parsons (1955) Clearly defined gender role in the modern nuclear family: Male: Instrumental role (breadwinner) Female: Expressive role (carer) Boys reject any behaviour considered feminine and adopt ‘compensatory compulsory masculinity’ - aggressive behaviour which can slip into delinquency. Sex role theory

43. Albert Cohen (1955) Socialisation is difficult for boys – they experience anxiety about their identity as young men. One solution is the all-male peer group or street gang (status frustration) Masculine qualities (toughness etc) are encouraged and rewarded – but may lead to delinquency Sex role theory

44. Evaluation of Sex Role Theory Early attempt to explain gender differences in crime. It explains the differences in terms of learned behaviour – not biological differences.  Ultimately based on a biological assumption about sex roles.  fails to consider gender differences in a patriarchal society. Women’s low crime rates due to their subordinate position.

45. Physiological causes of crime Lombroso (1895) compared the anatomical features of female criminals and non ‑ criminals. He believed that male criminals could be identified by physical abnormalities such as having an extra toe or nipple. Few women had these features; therefore they were not 'born criminals'. Moir and Jessel (1997) explain some violent crime as being linked to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Most sociologists, however, focus on social causes of female crime.

46. Feminist Perspectives - CONTROL THEORY Society is patriarchal (male dominated) They believe that behaviour of women can only be understood in the context of male dominance. Patriarchal society imposes greater control over women’s lives which reduces their opportunities to offend. http://sociologysource.squarespace.com/so ciologysounds/category/crime- deviance?currentPage=6

47. Heidensohn: Patriarchal Control Domestic role restricts women’s time and movements. Men control women through domestic violence and financial control which restricts time outside the home. Daughters – ‘bedroom culture’. At Home Fear of male violence keeps women off the streets. Sensationalist reporting distorts the reality – climate of fear. Fear of being given a reputation in public. In Public Male bosses, glass ceiling, sexual harrassment keep women in their place – reduces opportunities for white collar crime. At Work Restricts women’s opportunities to commit crime Push women into crime to gain a decent standard of living

48. “Women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimised“ – Michael Sanguinetti http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/06/slutwalking-policeman-talk-clothing

49. Patriarchal Control Restricts women’s opportunities to commit crime Push women into crime to gain a decent standard of living

50. Evaluation Heidensohn mixes feminism and control theory to explain how and why women conform to social norms – and their lower crime rate.  But – it presents women as passive. Heidensohn makes generalisations about men and women – and fails to recognise the differences between them (Walklate, 2003)

51. If I steal these I’ll have something I’ve always wanted But if I get caught, what will my parents, friends and teachers say? What will they think?

52. Carlen (1988) Class and Gender Deals In depth study with 39 women – all convicted of a wide range of offences (aged between 15- 46) She draws on control theory (Hirschi) and Rational Choice Theory (which we looked at in the right realist approach), arguing that people turn to crime if the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

53. Carlen’s results found that crime appeared to be a rational choice. Their experience of low-paid work and unemployment had not led to the standard of living they had hoped for. Their experience of family life, as a child and adult, had been unfulfilling and unhappy. Powerless, and unrewarded by their family or workplace, they saw crime as a rational alternative (links to relative deprivation). Property crime was chosen because certain types (eg shoplifting and cheque fraud) were seen to be “easy”. The class deal – women who work will have rewards and a decent standard of living. The gender deal – If you conform to conventional family life you will have material and emotional rewards.

54. Carlen’s results found that crime appeared to be a rational choice. Their experience of low-paid work and unemployment had not led to the standard of living they had hoped for. Their experience of family life, as a child and adult, had been unfulfilling and unhappy. Powerless, and unrewarded by their family or workplace, they saw crime as a rational alternative (links to relative deprivation). Property crime was chosen because certain types (eg shoplifting and cheque fraud) were seen to be “easy”.

55. Evaluation of Carlen Supports the idea that conformity to social norms breaks down when the rewards for doing so are absent.  Sample of 39 women is too small to generalise from.  DETERMINISTIC – What about Free Will?

56. Welcome to the world of crime

57. If I were a boy...

58. Liberation Theory – Fran Adler (1975) Women’s liberation has made society more equal. Women. Women’s crime rates will become similar to men’s. A new type of female criminal explain the rise in female crime rates. Women will commit a range of crimes not just typical female crimes of shoplifting and prostitution. Evidence? Overall rate of female crime has risen. Increases in female participation in ‘male’ crimes such as fraud. Growth of girl gangs.

59. Liberation Theory – Fran Adler (1975) Women’s liberation has made society more equal. Women. Women’s crime rates will become similar to men’s. A new type of female criminal explain the rise in female crime rates. Women will commit a range of crimes not just typical female crimes of shoplifting and prostitution.

60. Liberation Theory The rise of female crime http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b06pf6j7 /the-rise-of-female-violence From women who beat their boyfriends, to drunken brawlers, to teenage girl gangs. BBC reporter Alys Harte looks at the rising number of females who are involved in violence, and hears from their victims. Are girls getting angrier and, if so, why?

61. Liberation Theory - Critique 1.Female crime rate rose in the 1950s before women’s liberation. 2.Most female criminals are working class – least likely to be empowered by liberation. 3.Overestimates the extent to which women are liberated and whether they are able to be involved in serious crime.

62. men Why do men commit crime? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdFI2xuqeZg Masculinity in crises What is it about being male that leads to crime?

64. Task: Watch the clip WARNING: It features CCTV footage of a violent episode between bouncers and members of the public, look away if its too much, it’s the audio that’s important. As you listen note down the following: 1.Any phrases/terms used that you deem to be masculine. 2.The tools/techniques used in the clip that have been selected to appeal to a male audience.

65. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VnvW_2_Z 6c

66. Messerschmidt: Masculinity and Crime What is a real man like? Activity: List the characteristics of a real man? Is there a consensus view? Do different ideas of masculinity exist?

67. Recapping key terms: Hegemony is a Marxist term developed by which theorist? What does the term hegemony refer to? Why is it appropriate in this context? the ways those in power use their power to control public perception in a way that ensures they will stay in power. It is an invisible power. Hegemony is the way rich people get poor people to think and behave in a way that will keep the rich rich and the poor poor.

68. Hegemony

69. Messerschmidt (1993) Hegemonic Masculinity Masculinity is a social construct or accomplishment. Different masculinities exist. HEGEMONIC masculinity is dominant. Work in paid labour market Subordination of women Heterosexism Driven and uncontrollable sexuality of men

70. Messerschmidt – Crime and deviance are a means of achieving hegemonic masculinity. Inside school – accommodating to teachers – outside school – oppositional masculinity – pranks, drinking. White Middle Class Youths Less opportunities – oppositional masculinity in and out of school – e.g Willis’ Lads. White Working Class Youths Few expectations about jobs – use gang membership and violence to express their masculinity. Black Lower Class Youths

71. Messerschmidt How do these groups of boys behave in school? How do these groups of boys behave out-of school?

72. Critique of Messerschmidt  Circular argument – masculinity as an explanation of crime or a description of male offenders.  Why don’t all men use crime to accomplish masculinity.  Over-estimates the usefulness of the concept of masculinity to explain all male crimes.

73. Task: You each have a goal of hegemonic masculinity suggested by Messerschmidt. On your own, think about the following an annotate your sheet: – What type of behaviours might be associated with this goal? – Which crimes might be associated with this goal?

74. Now...mingle, talk. Share your ideas with others in the class. Complete the reverse of your sheet. Be prepared to feedback to the wider class.

75. Feedback

76. Winlow (2001)- Postmodernity Bouncers in Sunderland. Globalisation led to a shift from industrial to postmodernity Decline in traditional manufacturing jobs where men could express their masculinity Growth of leisure time and night time economy. Young working class men have opportunities of legal employment and crime.

77. What terms would you use to describe this male?

78. Bouncers were the central figures involved in Winlow’s 2001 study of masculinity in the formerly industrial city of Sunderland in the North-East. He found that ‘bouncing’ offered many young men employment after deindustrialisation and unemployment engulfed the city. Not only did bouncing provide legitimate employment, it also provided a way into organised crime in the ‘night-time economy’ (the pubs, clubs and ‘evening entertainment ‘industry) Winlow is a Postmodernist

79. Winlow argues that in order to maintain their reputation and employability, the bouncers must maintain their ‘body capital’. What do you think he means by this? Bodily Capital Bouncers develop their physical assets to LOOK THE PART. This is postmodern as the signs of masculinity take on a reality of their own.

80. PERCy paragraph Create a PERCy paragraph that answers the question. Why are sexual crimes, men’s crimes?

81. Task: Personally respond to this point… Why is it that only 6.5% of rape reports end in conviction in the UK?

82. Plan: Assess sociological views of the relationship between crime and gender (21)

83. Gender and Crime: Assessment Questions 1.Assess the value of the ‘Chivalry Thesis’ in understanding gender differences in crime. (21 marks). 2.Assess sociological views of the relationship between crime and gender (21 marks) 3.Examine some of the reasons why females may be less likely than males to commit crimes. (21 marks) Jun 10

84. The need to acquire respect from other men in order to maintain masculinity

85. Having power, authority and control over women

86. The objectification of women and the celebration of masculine virility through promiscuity

87. Toughness expressed through aggression, confrontation and force

88. Territorial loyalty and honour expressed through being part of a larger group

89. Being emotionally hard and not expressing weakness by showing feelings

90. Being anti-authority, by claiming individuality and self-reliance

91. Taking risks and living life on the edge

92. Seeking pleasure, thrills and excitement to compensate for the boredom of work and unemployment