1. CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge 4 A Tour of the Cell

2. Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life  Cell Theory…Know it… © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Figure 4.1

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2a Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Chicken egg Frog egg Human egg Unaided eye LM 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100  m

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2b Most plant and animal cells Viruses Smallest bacteria Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Super- resolution microscopy Atoms Small molecules Ribosomes Proteins Lipids EM 100  m 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm 100 nm 10  m 1  m LM

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3a 50  m Brightfield (unstained specimen) Brightfield (stained specimen) Differential-interference contrast (Nomarski) Phase-contrast Light Microscopy (LM)

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3b 50  m 10  m FluorescenceConfocal Light Microscopy (LM)

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3c Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium Cilia 2  m Electron Microscopy (EM)

9. Cell Fractionation  Cell fractionation -breaking up cells and separating components by centrifugation  Cell components separate based on their relative size © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Concept 4.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions  Prokaryotic cells- domains Bacteria and Archaea  Eukaryotic cells - Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Figure 4.4 (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium 0.5  m (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) Bacterial chromosome Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Cell wall Plasma membrane Capsule Flagella

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5 0.1  m (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Outside of cell (b) Structure of the plasma membrane Inside of cell Hydrophilic region Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Carbohydrate side chains Phospholipid Proteins

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7a CYTOSKELETON: NUCLEUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Smooth ER Rough ER Flagellum Centrosome Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microvilli Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Golgi apparatus Lysosome Plasma membrane Ribosomes Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7b CYTO- SKELETON NUCLEUS Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplast Central vacuole Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Cell wall Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Golgi apparatus Plasmodesmata Plasma membrane Ribosomes Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Wall of adjacent cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7c Nucleolus Nucleus Cell 10  m Human cells from lining of uterus (colorized TEM)

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7d 5  m Parent cell Buds Yeast cells budding (colorized SEM)

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7e 1  m A single yeast cell (colorized TEM) Mitochondrion Nucleus Vacuole Cell wall

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7f 5  m Cell wall Cell Chloroplast Mitochondrion Nucleus Nucleolus Cells from duckweed (colorized TEM)

19. Know the structure and function of the…  Nucleus  Nuclear envelope  Nucleoplasm  Nucleolus  Chromatin  Vesicles  Chloroplast  Cytoskeleton © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Know the structure and function of the…  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Golgi Bodies  Vesicles  Central Vacuole  Mitochondria  Cell Wall © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Figure 4.8 Ribosome 1  m Chromatin Rough ER Nucleus Nucleolus Nucleus Chromatin 0.5  m 0.25  m Nuclear envelope: Nuclear pore Inner membrane Outer membrane Pore complex Close-up of nuclear envelope Nuclear lamina (TEM) Surface of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM)

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9 TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome Ribosomes bound to ER Free ribosomes in cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes ER 0.25  m Large subunit Small subunit

23. Concept 4.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell  endomembrane system  Nuclear envelope  Endoplasmic reticulum  Golgi apparatus  Lysosomes  Vacuoles  Plasma membrane  These are either continuous or connected through transfer by vesicles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Figure 4.10 Transport vesicle Smooth ER Rough ER Ribosomes Transitional ER Cisternae ER lumen Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope 0.2  m

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11 TEM of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) Cisternae 0.1  m cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus)

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.12 Lysosome 1  m Nucleus Lysosome Digestive enzymes Plasma membrane Food vacuole Lysosomes: Phagocytosis Digestion

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.13 Lysosome Lysosomes: Autophagy Peroxisome Mitochondrion Vesicle Digestion Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1  m

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.15-2 Plasma membrane Rough ER cis Golgi Nucleus Smooth ER trans Golgi

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.15-3 Plasma membrane Rough ER cis Golgi Nucleus Smooth ER trans Golgi

30.  The endosymbiont theory  Lynn Margulis  Prokaryotes were engulfed (eaten?) and became permanent internal symbionts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Figure 4.16 Mitochondrion Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote Photosynthetic eukaryote At least one cell Chloroplast Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote Nucleus Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Ancestor of eukaryotic cells (host cell) Engulfing of oxygen- using nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion

32. Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion  Mitochondria - inner membrane folded into cristae  creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Figure 4.17 Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Matrix Cristae DNA Outer membrane Inner membrane 0.1  m

34.  Chloroplast structure includes  Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum  Stroma, the internal fluid © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Figure 4.18 Intermembrane space Ribosomes Inner and outer membranes 1  m Stroma Granum DNA Chloroplast Thylakoid (a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast 50  m (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell Chloroplasts (red)

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.19 Chloroplast 1  m Peroxisome Mitochondrion

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.20 10  m Concept 4.6: cytoskeleton

38. Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility  Cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins to produce motility © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Figure 4.21 Microtubule Vesicles (b) SEM of a squid giant axon Receptor for motor protein 0.25  m Vesicle Motor protein (ATP powered) ATP Microtubule of cytoskeleton (a)Motor proteins “walk” vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers.

40. Components of the Cytoskeleton  Microtubules -thickest –made of tubulin subunits  Microfilaments – thinnest – made of actin subunits  Intermediate filaments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Centrosomes and Centrioles  In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a centrosome “microtubule-organizing center” near the nucleus  centrosome has 2 centrioles, each with a ring of 9 microtubule triplets © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Figure 4.22 Microtubule Centrioles Centrosome

43.  Cilia and flagella structure  Core of 9 + 2 microtubules  A basal body anchor © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Figure 4.23 Plasma membrane Microtubules Basal body (a) Longitudinal section of motile cilium (c) Cross section of basal body (b) Cross section of motile cilium Triplet Plasma membrane Cross-linking proteins between outer doublets Radial spoke Central microtubule Outer microtubule doublet Dynein proteins 0.1  m 0.5  m 0.1  m

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.24 Microfilaments (actin filaments) 0.25  m Microvillus Plasma membrane

46.  Plant cell walls may have multiple layers  Primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible  Middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells  Secondary cell wall (in some cells): added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Figure 4.25 Secondary cell wall Central vacuole Primary cell wall 1  m Middle lamella Plasmodesmata Cytosol Plasma membrane Plant cell walls

48. The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells  Animal cells covered by elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Figure 4.26

50. Cell Junctions  Plasmodesmata - channels that perforate plant cell walls  Animal cells  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. Figure 4.27 1  m Intermediate filaments TEM 0.5  m TEM 0.1  m TEM Tight junction Tight junction Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix Gap junction Desmosome Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells

52.  Metabolic requirements set upper limits on cell size  surface area to volume ratio of is critical  surface area increases by n 2, the volume increases by n 3 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. Figure 4.6 750 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 125 150 125 6 1 6 1 6 1.2 5 1 Total surface area [sum of the surface areas (height  width) of all box sides  number of boxes] Total volume [height  width  length  number of boxes] Surface-to-volume ratio [surface area  volume]