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A Mass Balance Approach to Evaluate Salinity Sources in the Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Presentation to Technical Advisory Committee, Central Valley.

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Presentation on theme: "A Mass Balance Approach to Evaluate Salinity Sources in the Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Presentation to Technical Advisory Committee, Central Valley."— Presentation transcript:

1 A Mass Balance Approach to Evaluate Salinity Sources in the Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Presentation to Technical Advisory Committee, Central Valley Salinity Alternatives for Long-Term Sustainability (CV-SALTS) October 29, 2009 Erler & Kalinowski, Inc.

2 Presentation Outline Study Objectives Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Overview of Mass Balance Approach TDS Trends in Groundwater Salinity Management Considerations Conclusions

3 Objectives Determine Relative Impacts of Major Salinity Inputs to the Groundwater Basin Understand How the Basin Responds to Changes in Major Salinity Inputs

4 Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Sub-basin of San Joaquin River Hydrologic Region 347,000 acres or 542 square miles Groundwater Volume of 13 to 23 million AF Turlock Sub-basin

5 Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Turlock Modesto Merced Tuolumne River Merced River San Joaquin River Ceres

6 Basic Concept of Mass Balance Approach Groundwater Basin Recharge GW Flow InGW Flow Out Mass = Flow x Concentration ∑ Mass In - ∑ Mass Out = Change in Mass

7 Soil System Turlock Groundwater Sub-basin Water Balance (AFY) 432,000 (Applied Water from Irrigation Districts) 354,000 (Seepage) 327,000 (Applied Groundwater) 380,000 (Precipitation) 766,000 (Evapotranspiration) 100,000 (Lake and Canal Seepage) Groundwater System (-14,000 AF) 17,000 (Groundwater Flow Out to Rivers) 3,000 (Groundwater Flow In) 454,000 (Groundwater Pumping) 42,000 (ET from Vegetation Along Rivers) 42,000 (Other Land Applications) 13,000 (Drainage) 48,000 (Stormwater & Return Flow)

8 Major Salinity Sources Municipalities & Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) Food Processors Confined Animals Feeding Operations (CAFOs) including Forage Crops Irrigated Agriculture (Food Crops) Mineral Dissolution Not Considered in This Preliminary Evaluation: –septic tanks –landfills –upwelling of deep saline groundwater

9 Municipalities and POTWs Turlock Modesto Merced Tuolumne River Merced River San Joaquin River Turlock Ceres Hughson Modesto Delhi Hilmar Denair

10 TGBA Management Plan Municipal Water Flows MunicipalityGroundwater Use (AFY) (a) Discharge to Land (AFY) (a) Discharge to River (AFY) (a) Percent Food Processing (b) Food Process Wastewater (AFY) Hughson1,900800050%400 Modesto6,80011,30014,30024%6,100 Ceres10,1002,20000%0 Turlock25,50010013,30044%5,900 Delhi90070000%0 Denair1,600000%0 Hilmar1,30050000%0 TOTALS48,00016,00028,00012,000 (a) Turlock Groundwater Basin Association (TGBA, 2008). (b) Percent wastewater from food processors taken from Rubin (2007), Volume II, Table 3.

11 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Water Balance (AFY) 12,000 (Food Processors) 16,000 (Land Application of Wastewater) 32,000 (Wastewater) 28,000 (River Discharge) 16,000 (Urban Landscape Irrigation) 48,000 (Groundwater as Water Supply)

12 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) M = 16 x C ld (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) M = 32 x C ww (Wastewater) M = 28 x C rd (River Discharge) M = 16 x C gw (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) M = 48 x C gw (Water Supply) M cu (Consumptive Use)

13 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) M = 16 x C ld (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) M = 32 x C ww (Wastewater) M = 28 x C rd (River Discharge) 7,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) M cu (Consumptive Use) C gw = 300 mg/L

14 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) M = 16 x C ld (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) M = 32 x C ww (Wastewater) M = 28 x C rd (River Discharge) 8,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) M cu (Consumptive Use) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

15 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) M = 16 x C ld (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) M = 32 x C ww (Wastewater) M = 28 x C rd (River Discharge) 8,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) 11,000 (Consumptive Use) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution) ∆C = 250 mg/L

16 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) M = 16 x C ld (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) 24,000 (Wastewater) M = 28 x C rd (River Discharge) 8,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) 11,000 (Consumptive Use) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

17 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) 13,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) 24,000 (Wastewater) 23,000 (River Discharge) 8,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) 11,000 (Consumptive Use) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution) C = 600 mg/L

18 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) M = 12 x C fp (Food Processors) 14,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) 24,000 (Wastewater) 23,000 (River Discharge) 8,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) 11,000 (Consumptive Use) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

19 POTWs Municipalities Municipality / POTW Salt Balance (tons/yr) 12,000 (Food Processors) 14,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application of Wastewater) 24,000 (Wastewater) 23,000 (River Discharge) 8,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Urban Landscape Irrigation) 20,000 (Water Supply) 11,000 (Consumptive Use) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

20 Food Processors Identified in Hilmar SEP Turlock Modesto Merced Tuolumne River Merced River San Joaquin River 74 15 13 37 72 31 46 50

21 Hilmar SEP Food Processor Salt Loads to Land ID Number (a) Processor TypeSalt Load (tons/yr) (b) 74Nuts & Peanut Butter<100 15Fruit & Vegetable Canning3,400 13Winery500 37Rendering<100 31Animal Slaughter & Process<100 72Dairy Product Manufacturing4,000 46Winery1,000 50Waste & Miscellaneous2,200 TOTAL SALT LOAD TO SOIL11,000 (a) Volume II, Table 1 and Figure 18 (Rubin, 2007). (b) Volume II, Table 5 (Rubin, 2007).

22 Food Processors Food Processor Salt Balance (tons/yr) M c (Chemicals) 12,000 (to POTWs) M f (Raw Food) 12,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Land Application) M gw (Groundwater) M fp (Food Products) 1,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

23 CAFOs in Turlock Basin (a) Taken from USEPA (2009a)

24 CAFOs Lagoon Forage Crops CAFO and Forage Crop Salt Balance (tons/yr) 115,000 (Local Feed) 13,000 (Imported Feed) 27,000 (Exported Product) 8,000 (Water Intake) 109,000 (Animal Waste) 11,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Lagoons) 98,000 (Fertilizer) 61,000 (Irrigation with Groundwater) 27,000 (Irrigation with District Water) 94,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Irrigation) 4,000 (Drainage) 3,000 (Storm Water & Return Flow) 30,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

25 Food Crops Food Crop Salt Balance (Tons/yr) 72,000 (Irrigation with Groundwater) 32,000 (Irrigation with District Water) 124,000 (Seepage to Groundwater from Irrigation) 5,000 (Drainage to Surface Water) 4,000 (Storm Water & Return Flow) Soil Amendments Harvested Products 29,000 (Mineral Dissolution)

26 Approximate Salinity Contributions from Major Sectors or Sources Sector or SourceGroundwaterSurface Water Urban Landscape Irrigation3%0% POTWs3%33% Food Processors6%17% CAFOs & Forage Crops37%15% Food Crops44%20% Native Land Uses2%-- Turlock Lake Seepage3%-- Irrigation Canal Seepage2%-- Groundwater Discharge to River--15%

27 Salt Balance for Groundwater (tons/yr) Groundwater 7,000 (GW Discharge to Rivers) ~0 (Groundwater Flow In) 186,000 (Groundwater Pumping) Seepage / Recharge: Urban Landscape 8,000 POTWs 14,000 Food Processors 12,000 CAFOs 105,000 Food Crops 124,000 Native Land Uses 5,000 Turlock Lake 8,000 Irrigation District Canals 6,000 ∆M gw = + 89,000 tons / yr

28 Concentration Trend in Groundwater for Baseline Load Time (Years) TDS Concentration (mg/L) Baseline Scenario: Basin Volume: 23 MAF Initial Concentration: 300 mg/L Initial Salt Load: 89,000 tons/yr Basin Doesn’t Reach Steady State for ~ 1,500 Years

29 Salt Management: Potential Source Control Strategies Source Control StrategiesAssumed Reduction Predicted Salt Load Reduction to Basin Reduce Imported Water Used for Irrigation20%12,000 tons/year Reduce Imported Feed for CAFOs50%7,000 tons/year Reduce Seepage from Conveyance Structures 75%4,000 tons/year Reduce Salt Loads from Food Processors25%3,000 tons/year Reduce Residential Salt Loads (Water Softeners) 25%3,000 tons/year Reduce Landscape Irrigation25%2,000 tons/year TOTAL POTENTIAL REDUCTION31,000 tons/year

30 Concentration Trends in Groundwater with Load Reduction Time (Years) TDS Concentration (mg/L) Source Control Scenario: Basin Volume: 23 MAF Initial Concentration: 300 mg/L Initial Salt Load: 58,000 tons/yr Baseline Scenario

31 Conclusions Groundwater System is not in Steady State with Respect to Salt Groundwater Quality will Continue to Degrade with Current Loading Significant Improvement in Groundwater Quality can be Achieved with Modest Reduction is Salt Loading Across all Sectors Mass Balance Approach Facilitates Identification of Individual Salt Inputs and Effective Next Steps

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